working and living conditions

Question 1

the facilities needed to provide for this growing urban class were?

Answer 1

grossly inadequate

Question 2

workers often found themselves living in?

Answer 2

barracks-like buildings owned by factory owners = dangerously overcrowded + lacked adequate sanitation
-had to eat in canteens with communal bathouses

Question 3

In St Petersburg about how much percent of households had no running water or sewage system?

Answer 3

about 40%

Question 4

excrement was simply?

Answer 4

set in piles in backyards= collected in wooden carts at night

Question 5

how many inhabitants died of cholera 1908-09?

Answer 5

30,000

Question 6

long hours

Answer 6

normally over 11 hours a day = disciplined environment workers harshly punished

Question 7

demand for work and accomodation= retns remained high often take half of workers wages. this meant?

Answer 7

those who could not afford rent simply lay down in factory alongside machines or in the streets

Question 8

lack of privacy in factories containing dormitory accommodation

Answer 8

men,children, and women lviing together sperated only by a curtain- bed bugs and fleas . poor santitation

Question 9

women(who comprised 1/5 of the industrial workforce in 1885 but 1/3 in 1914 were among the lowest paid. earning?

Answer 9

less than half the average industrial wage

Question 10

conditions perhaps at worst during the industrial depression of 1900-08. Even when industry began to revive, wages of industrial workers?

Answer 10

failed to keep pace with inflation

Question 11

average industrial wage increased from just?
whilst inflation was running at?

Answer 11

245 to 264 roubles per month in years down to 1914
-inflation was running at 40%

Question 12

traditional family structure was dislocated by urbanisation. how?

Answer 12

fewer townspeople were married or married later and had fewer children
-women who moved to cities=tend to be single
-initially when peasant migrants moved to cities, wages to low to support a family

Question 13

although kulak class prospered, how did life become for poorer peasants?

Answer 13

harsher

Question 14

conditions for peasant farmers did not improve substantially and there was still widespread rural poverty, despite stolypin’s agricultural reforms, strip farming persisted?

Answer 14

90% of land

Question 15

what remained the heart of rural life?

Answer 15

the commune and loyalty to the tsar and church

Question 16

peasants therefore remained?

Answer 16

at the bottom of the social ladder