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Sociology 🫂 > Work, Poverty And Welfare 📊 > Flashcards

Work, Poverty And Welfare 📊 Flashcards

1
Q

Oscar Lewis

A

functionalist

poverty is a consequence of poor socialisation, those in poverty lack motivation, ambition and trustworthiness

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2
Q

PIP

A

personal independence payment, given to disabled people who go through means testing first

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3
Q

Herbert Gans

A

poverty fulfils three main functions: creates jobs, creates motivation, ensures bad jobs are done

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4
Q

Townsend

A

relative poverty = when you lack so much money that you are excluded from taking part in society

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5
Q

Mack and Lansley

A

subjective poverty = if you don’t have 3 things from the changing necessary list then you are in poverty

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6
Q

Coates and Silburn

A

Cycle of deprivation (material factors)

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7
Q

Hirsch 2006

A

impact of child poverty:

-educational underachievement

-health and psychological development

-crime and deviance more likely in adults who were children in poverty

explanations:

-lone parenthood

-lack of employment

-disability

-inadequate welfare

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8
Q

knowledge economy

A

moved away from manufacturing products and towards design, development, marketing and sales. These new forms of work are reliant on employees skills

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9
Q

Housing Act (1980) (‘right to buy’)

A

privatised council housing which allowed either renters or others to buy the houses. However, owners could now increase rent prices which renters could no longer afford, leaving them without a house.

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10
Q

Booth and Rowntree

A

Absolute poverty = having to sacrifice things for others

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11
Q

social democratic ideas of poverty

A

underclass means people who are left behind by society, they don’t choose to self segregate

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12
Q

Palmer 2006

A

showed that poverty rates for disabled people is around double. 33% of disabled people love in poverty. 2/5 are single adults.

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13
Q

pauperisation and alienation

A

pauperisation = profits roll in, bourguisee gets greedy and takes shared away from workers

alienation = workers are forced to only think of themselves and not the community, becoming isolated.

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14
Q

flexible production

A

products are no longer mass produced, more customisable, use of global market.
Bonaeich and Appelbaum “race to the bottom”

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15
Q

functionalism and poverty

A

poverty has important functions for society because it helps to ensure that undesirable and undignified work gets done

poverty creates jobs in a number of professions

provides incentives and motivation - reinforces meritocracy in society. If enough people don’t fulfil their roles, society will fall into anomie

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16
Q

feminism

A

liberal = blames patriarchal on societal attitudes

radical = blames biology

marxist = blames capitalism

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17
Q

Charles Booth

A

absolute poverty = when your income is below the poverty line

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18
Q

post Fordism

A

work now focuses on consumer choice and greater freedom for workers

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19
Q

flexible accumulation

A

accumulation of income with greater flexibility

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20
Q

social policies to help working parents

A

-taxfree childcare

-15 hour free childcare

-30 hour free childcare

-universal credit

-tax credit

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21
Q

primary labour market

A

core workers, full time trained and highly skilled employees

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22
Q

Kenway and Palmer (2007)

A

poverty in ethnic minority groups is around double than that of the white British population. over half of Bangladeshis live in poverty. 1/4 of Indians live in poverty

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23
Q

Primitive Communism

A

a concept originating from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who argued that hunter-gatherer societies were traditionally based on egalitarian social relations and common ownership.

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24
Q

Bertrand and Mullainathan

A
  • Method of the study was sending identical resumes to employers that only differed in name, specifically sending stereotypically African American names versus stereotypically white names (Dashawn Jefferson vs Katelyn Decker)
  • Results were that resumes with African American names had lower callback rates, highlighting the impact of discrimination, perhaps both institutional and individual, in the workplace/hiring process
  • Describes “taste-based” vs “statistical” discrimination, where race may or may not signal for some unobservable variable, such as having/lacking “soft skills” such as social skills
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25
feminism and labour markets
women are more likely to be periphery workers because walby argued they are more likely to be in less skilled/ flexible work
26
evaluations to flexible accumulation
Marxist David Harvey says this doesn't actually create freedom, it creates uncertainty and causes less chance of success
27
Al Gini
"what we do is what we will become"this is because we spend so much time doing work that it will become part of our identity
28
evaluations of new rights view on poverty
weakness - blames victims and not structural factors weakness - social democrats would argue welfare state is under generous weakness - correlation between illegitimacy and welfare could be caused by societal factors such as views on marriage
29
evaluations of primitive communism
- there isn't rooted evidence, archaeological evidence was not available at the time - David Graeber argued that modern archaeology shows that society doesn't develop consistently like Marx argues
30
Charles Murray
- new right - 'underclass' who don't work and rely on welfare - cycle of dependancy
31
marxism and wealth
- bourguisee and proletariats - born into a class you cannot escape - capitalism only benefits those at the top bourguisee exploits the working class - society needs to move to communism
32
neo-Marxism and work
work is a central part of our identity, defining us as proletariat or bourgeoisie. However some traditional Marxists argue that some of these predictions haven't came true like industrial workers aren't the biggest social class
33
Doherty- decline of work
work has become increasingly degraded as it's no longer interesting or satisfying, holds less value in our lives
34
Davis and Moore
functionalism, wealth creates motivation for people to work harder to get the more challenging jobs, named role allocation
35
secondary labour market
periphery workers lower skilled and less permanent
36
Slavoj Zizek
The worlds super wealthy use their wealth to hide how harmful wealth inequality is for society.
37
Overt and Covert Discrimination
overt = disabled people aren't hired due to their disability covert = not hired because of fear of extra costs
38
David Marsland
- new right - welfare state is too generous that the poor become dependant on the government - universal welfare should be withdrawn and replaced with means testing
39
who are the unemployed
ethnic minorities, aged 25 and under, men, from north east, West Midlands, Yorkshire and humberside
40
Harvey
relaxation of work frees up time but actually just creates insecurity by not know how much and when money is coming In
41
unemployment and identity
Durkheim suggested that unemployed people experience anomie as they don't have a place in society
42
evaluations the de-skilling thesis
-Gallie argued that there is a process of 'up-skilling' where there is an increasing need for specialist roles -technology has increased need for certain specialist roles like computer scientists etc...
43
Gorz
-non class of non workers = unemployed people who don't have this identity -dual society = scientific management makes work as efficient as possible creating more time to spend on leisure - new tech is taking over jobs
44
evaluating Blauner's theory
-trad marxists say alienation is caused by ownership of industries, not tech -others argued its due to lack of autonomy and self-control -work has changed largely since this theory was created, computer tech wasn't around at the time and may have radically changed the way that we work
45
support for Bravermans theory
-Frey and Osborne predicted that half of all workers would be replaced by computers in the next 20 years -Brynjolfsson and McAfee argued that AI would ' do for mental poor what the steam engines did for physical power' -Paul Mason calculated the likelihood of people being replaced by machines, teachers and sex workers being the least likely but front of house jobs most likely
46
evaluations of Gorz
- Robert Putnam has argued that in modern America, participation in a non work based society is declining - Instead there is more consumerism and time to expand rather than free time for leisure
47
Braverman 1977
work is becoming less skilled as a way of controlling workers, by taking away workers abilities and making them do repetitive and talentless tasks, the owners power increases
48
Parker
type of work you do will shape your life and leisure pursuits
49
unemployment and health
unemployment people experience worse health and have a lower quality life. Danny Dorling did a meta analysis of doctors records and the employed recovered quicker. Gulliford found higher mental health in unemployed men
50
what causes unemployment
- globalisation, offshoring - technology - economic shift, decline of trad industries - economic problems causing job losses
51
Taylor
working class jobs are being offshored to poorer countries, cause unemployment here
52
Bauman
people are more likely to choose our identity basies on leisure pursuits rather than work
53
Robert Blauner
alienation happens in 4 key ways; powerlessness, meaninglessness, isolation and self-estrangement
54
evaluations of post-modernist views
-Anna Pollart argues that fordism was never that prominent as it was used by a few companies -Marxists argue that work inequalities are still based on the ownership of big businesses. -wood argued that post fordism really is just fordism continuing as most products are made on production lines.
55
evaluations of flexible production
Graham conducted research should how this makes work more stressful as it relies on peer pressure and production decreases because of this . Ian Taylor argues that this race to the bottom is just capitalism exploiting the working class
56
evaluation of Parker and Al Gini
- postmodernist Ulrich Beck says we can construct our own biographies -feminist Mclontosh says women's identity is more likely to be influenced by family than work
57
Mason
people in manual and unskilled jobs are at risk from automation
58
evaluations to marxism in wealth
- Max Weber viewed the idea that class is decided purely through wealth to be very simplistic, status and party are also important. - Marx' view of class is based on just economics, economic determinism - Marx' ideas haven't came true, working class conditions got better.
59
Seebohm rowntree
York study 30% of people in York lived in poverty, they needed 21 shillings per week to stay out of it or they were below the poverty line
60
Joseph rowntree foundation
22% of people live in a state of long term poverty
61
Ethnic minority employment task force
70.2% Indians unemployed 67.8% black Caribbean 40.2% Bangladeshi
62
Cost of having a child
Couple up until 18 - £160,692 Single. £193,801
63
Rowntree foundation children
34% of children in families with at least one child under five live in poverty 1.3 mil children under five live in poverty
64
Eli Zaretsky
Underemployment in women keeps capitalism in place because the y act as a reserve labour. Complaining men can be replaced by women
65
Wealth types
Marketable - can be bought and sold Non marketable - can’t be sold Productive property. - provide unearned income Consumption property. - owned to provide service but not income
66
Key weberian beliefs
Actions have cause and effects structural inequalities effect life chances but society was made up by our actions
67
Weber and wealth
Society is a marketplace some of us are more valuable than others(market situations) Unique skills Public demand Extra qualifications
68
Weber class party and status
Class - market position Status - styles of life Party - groups we take part in can equal power in society
69
Evaluations of Webers theory
Feminists say it’s male centric at the time only men worked so women’s class was her husbands, status was handed down and women weren’t part of powerful groups Marxists say it confuses Marx’s point status and groups we belong to are a consequence of social class not the other way round
70
Evaluations of functionalism and wealth
Impossible to measure which jobs are deemed socially important Some people have wealth from inheritance Other rewards provide motivation
71
The housing act
Privatised council houses ahh h allowed them to be sold and rents to increase
72
New labour reform policies
Handout to hand up aiming to increase social mobility and tackle the roots of poverty
73
Flaherty et al
Even if Blair halved child poverty by 2010 it would still be higher than when thatcher was in charge in 1979
74
Dwyer
The attempt to make welfare benefits dependent on a commitment to actively seek work is a creeping conditionality which erodes the principle of a citizens entitlement

Sociology 🫂 (6 decks)

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