Crime And Deviance 👮‍♀️ Flashcards

Question

Subcultures

Answer 1

Form as a response to marginalisation and relative deprivation, young people join criminal subcultures to not be marginalised and get rewards. Subcultures can create community tensions and can illustrate problems within the economic system. Status frustration(Cohen)

Answer 2

-Marxism by a different name -feminists may argue that is these lead to crime then you would expect women to commit more crime -there isn’t unlimited money and it’s impossible to just get rid of inequality

Answer 3

Occupational/ workplace crime that occurs in middle class settings

Answer 4

Ford pinto - car that was made with bad engineering that was ignored, killed over 200 people Deep water horizon- oil rig exploded after they lied to people about the issues being dealt with Bhopal disaster - industrial poisonous gas leak, 5000 died because of ignored safety dangers

Answer 5

The harm caused by white collar crimes are far more serious than street crimes, like physical harm to individuals, environmental costs and costs in health and welfare benefits

Answer 6

Despite the high personal and economic costs of white collar crimes, it is not regarded a serious issue by the general public. These crimes are often invisible as in big companies it is difficult to know where the blame lies. Many people don’t even know they’re victims

Answer 7

Crime can be functional in moderation for society, it creates social solidarity and jobs. Durkheim states that an appropriate amount of crime can cause a collective conscience. However too much crime could cause a showing that society isn’t functioning adequately

Answer 8

Crime serves as a warning function, it indicates that something in society isn’t working properly Example- London riots

Answer 9

Deviance can act as a “safety valve” it allows people to express their individuality when their work doesn’t allow them to

Answer 10

Morality of the future- Durkheim argues that crime and deviance can represent the morality of the future Adaptive functions- helps society adapt to change Boundary maintenance- serves to illustrate what’s right and wrong

Answer 11

Used secondary documents to study Durkheim theory of boundary maintenance in the 17th century amongst puritans in America. He found that the institutions handled the puritans rather than removing them from society and although there were methods of correcting, deviance changed

Answer 12

Snider - laws that appear to benefit the working class, like health and safety or pollution preventing laws are only passed reluctantly to prevent further loss of power

Answer 13

The severity of crime is ideologically constructed. Crimes by major corporations and the powerful and ignored or fined rather than punished with prison. Crimes in working class are punished severely. The government uses laws to restrict and control the working class

Answer 14

Capitalism develops over time, the worse the social conditions become. Pauperisation and alienation are the main examples of this

Answer 15

Capitalism itself is a crime, it’s exploitive and abusive which leads to a society where everyone ‘looks after number one’ leading to a criminal attitude in the population. Working class becomes poorer, decided up to prevent revolution, encourages to think about themselves alpne

Answer 16

In the social condition of capitalism, it was surprising that the working class didn’t commit more crime

Answer 17

Two groups of boys that committed roughly the same amount of crime, however since one group were middle class boys with a good reputation, they didn’t ever get punished and their crimes were overlooked and ignored whereas the roughnecks did the same crimes but got punished due to them being working class

Answer 18

Crimes of the powerful are much less likely to be treated as criminal offences and prosecuted, street crimes of the working class are much more likely to be prosecuted

Answer 19

Crimes occurring in a specific areas due to the area itself. For example robbery and vandalism is more focused in urban areas

Answer 20

American cities are subdivided into 5 zones: central business district, factory zone, zone of transition, residential zone and commuter zone

Answer 21

-argues that crime stems from the urban environment as much as it does from factors like class, race and gender -focus on the zone of transition as an area that lacks the social organisation that other zones have. Members aren’t bound by similarities between members. Community changes so regularly people don’t feel like a part of it so they’re not attached to

Answer 22

Found that juvenile delinquency is focused on the stone of transition

Answer 23

Argued that where social bonds are weaker, crime is more common, more likely to commit crime in unattached areas to them

Answer 24

Wasn’t just crime, there was all sorts of delinquent behaviour in the zone of transition

Answer 25

Based on America, only works on designed cities. Baldwin and Bottoms studied crime in Sheffield after categorising into 3 types of housing, council rented and owned. Crime highest in council. Only correlation seems to be poverty and crime

Answer 26

-community service -prison -fines -restraining orders -bans -house arrest -discharge

Answer 27

Reform - change the individual so they don’t re offend Deterrence - harsh punishments will discourage future criminals Restitution - punishment can be used to repair damage caused by criminals Public safety - prisons can be used to remove criminals from society

Answer 28

The idea that state institutions will take care of people from a young age as they move to foster care to reform schools to prisons and mental hospitals. There’s a correlation between access to foster care and the prison population

Answer 29

Emotive, allowing society to voice its discontent

Answer 30

Practical and pragmatic preventing a criminal from reoffending

Answer 31

We sweep under the issues that cause criminals by imprisoning them so we don’t see them. It’s the marginalised who end up in prison.

Answer 32

Institutions change people, mortification which is having their identities stripped away like uniforms and times

Answer 33

Individuals are shaped by interactions, not by institutions or structures. No capitalism, no consensus or patriarchy just individuals going against eachother

Answer 34

Person with status who can create a label

Answer 35

Label is adopted by the individual and becomes how they see themselves

Answer 36

Individuals are shaped by this label and it becomes true

Answer 37

Deliberate breach of accepted social norms

Answer 38

Studied Canadian Inuits and their common tendency to stutter and found that in their societies they also had a strong emphasis on public speaking children would practice speaking and get told off for stammering which made it worse. The primary deviance is the initial act and the secondary deviance is after the response more deviance occurs

Answer 39

His research is specific to one context with a small specific sample Suggests that deviance breeds deviance and punishments aren’t reforming just making them worse

Answer 40

It’s overly deterministic Doesn’t account for those who are labelled as deviant but don’t become deviant Ignoring root causes only suggests why the deviant behaviour gets worse

Answer 41

Subculture - smaller version of a culture which is slightly different with different views and Norms that differ from mainstream

Answer 42

Working class men believe in the goals of society but lack the opportunity to succeed. This leads to status frustration which leads to them rejecting their goals and becoming delinquents

Answer 43

Smartness, autonomy, trouble, excitement and masculinity. These increase their chances of committing a crime

Answer 44

Subcultures are formed as a response to not getting what they want, they argue that individuals who cannot succeed form criminal, conflict and retreatist. subcultures

Answer 45

Matza says that most people who commit crime will only do it temporarily they will drift in and out of delinquency but learn to control it. Deviants rationalise their actions with techniques of neutralisation

Answer 46

Subcultures are viewed as deviants by those outside of the group, this makes them deviant (mods and rockers)

Answer 47

An initial scuffle between two groups, this was over reported and amplified causing an uprise between the two, this turned into a self fulfilling prophecy. Young people were easy victims of folk devil which caused moral panic

Answer 48

Phil Cohen - subcultures form in areas with economic circumstances changing rapidly due to capitalism. People becoming disappointed with society, their work identity is destroyed and they form a new identity to reclaim it

Answer 49

Describes forming a new identity when their work one is destroyed as a magical solution, because it feels like your community exists when capitalism has destroyed it

Answer 50

Resistance through style, though they know it won’t be an effective form of resistance

Answer 51

Becomes mainstream style, small subcultures/rebellions are ineffective and capitalism profits from it

Answer 52

Football became a huge consumer market and increasingly international making it more expensive for fans and more beneficial for the rich Clarke - because of this change supporters have lost territory this leads to violence with other fans over this territory. Communities become divided up between clubs.

Answer 53

Exaggerated media reaction to behaviour that deviates from the norms and shared values of society

Answer 54

Latent - what the crime intends to do Manifest - unintended consequences that have an effect on society

Answer 55

Suggests that crime occurs when there is a gap between society’s goals and the individuals ability to achieve these goals

Answer 56

Merton calls a society where its goals and the individuals ability to meet them are not in like anomic

Answer 57

Conformity - these people share the goals of society so they play along until they succeed their goals Innovation - they have the goals but not the means so they come up with new means to achieve Ritualism - don’t share the goals but go along with it anyway, work but no passion to succeed Retreatism - neither the goals or the means so they drop out of society Rebellion - reject the goals and the means and have their own goals for societal change

Answer 58

- Kornhauser, research found that deviants have low expectations so don’t subscribe to societies goals - many crimes still defy categories: crimes of passion or neglect and white collar crimes - although all societies have goals, Merton only studied the US so these might not apply to other cultures/societies

Answer 59

Rational choice theory Poor socialisation Biology

Answer 60

Blames crime on late modernity Uncertainty and instability Less agreement about moral values Immediate gratification Less community control

Answer 61

He found that, in 26% of homicides, the victim had 'precipitated' or in some way provoked their murder. He identified certain traits in murder victims - they often had a criminal history, a violent past and alcohol issues. The 'typical' murder victim was identical to the 'typical' murderer - overwhelmingly, both were young men.

Answer 62

Tierney (1996) found two ways in which people become victims of crime: 1) Victim proneness: membership of certain social groups makes a person more likely to be a victim 2) Victim precipitation: actions of an individual can lead to them being the victims of crime (e.g. not locking doors, walking down dark streets at night)

Answer 63

Heidensohn argues that, because women have less time outside of work due to the dual burden, they are likely to commit less crime. • Heidensohn argues that women are controlled in the workplace, the "private domestic sphere" and the public sphere

Answer 64

Adler argues that women having jobs and autonomy gives them not only an income but also the opportunity to participate in ways they haven't before. • For example, women are able to participate in the Night Time Economy in a way they haven't historically. • This has led to an increase in female crime rates

Answer 65

Carlen (1977) argues that women commit less crime because they are encouraged to 'sign up' to a 'gender deal' and a 'class deal' Gender deal: the rewards that arise from a fulfilling home life, with a rewarding relationship with a male breadwinner Class deal: the material rewards of working in paid employment, allowing a stable home

Answer 66

Pollack GUNTY JAIL Pollack argues that the justice system is dominated by men who don't take women seriously. • Police officers are less likely to arrest women for the same offenses • Judges will sentence less harshly Juries are more likely to acquit women than men This is because their attitudes to women suggest that their offense is less serious.

Answer 67

Parsons' sex role theory argues that men and women act differently because they are better at different things. Women are better at empathy and thinking, but men are better at 'doing' and being decisive. Because of this, men commit more crime.

Answer 68

The new man is empathetic, family-oriented and avoids conflict, whilst also adopting traditionally female characteristics such as caring about their appearance and their friends.

Answer 69

particularly liberal feminists, argue that there is a form of masculinity known as 'retributive masculinity. • This is where some men, unable to be successful as a 'new man' and resenting the success of women in modern society, adopt an ola- fashioned form of masculinity. • This may explain violence, especially violence against women

Answer 70

McDowell argues that a shortage of job opportunities and academic success for working class men has led to a return to old masculinities. LINDA MCDOWELL REDUNDANT EMPLOYMENT AND WHITE WORKING CLASS YOUTH MASCULINITIES? • This means men believe they should be the heads of their families, and should be more important than women. • This may lead to misogynistic attitudes to women.

Answer 71

Winlow's research of bouncers in Sunderland linked employment shift to masculinity. Bouncers, working class men who would traditionally be working in shipyards, found that they could 'achieve' masculinity through the use of force (both legally and illegally) and through other criminal activities, like dealing drugs on the doors of nightclubs.

Answer 72

Bowling (2007) argues that many police officers hold racist and racialised expectations of offenders. This leads to higher rates of stop-and- search. This develops into anti-police feeling, which can lead to actual offences being committed.

Answer 73

Hargrave (2002) found that black people were more than twice as likely to be portrayed as criminals, whilst asylum seekers and non-whites are likely to be portrayed as a 'problem group'.

Answer 74

Hall studied a moral panic of young black men mugging white people. He argued that the bourgeoisie amplified crimes like this in order to divide up the working class. Furthermore, the economy was in decline at the time- and Hall says that this was the bourgeoisie attempting to distract people.

Answer 75

Paul Gilroy argues that ethnic minorities, especially African-Caribbeans, may commit more crime as a way of resisting British culture. They are resisting oppression and losing their culture. Gilroy argues that the race riots of the 1980s were a good example of African Caribbeans resisting police oppression.

Answer 76

Bandura bobo doll

Answer 77

Some research suggests that either there is no link between violence and the media, or a negative relationship. Gauntlett (2007) analysed hundreds of studies into violence and the media and found literally no correlation- either positive or negative.

Answer 78

Anti-pornography feminists often view that pornography- a form of media- directly leads to crime. Robin Morgan argued "pornography is the theory, rape is the practice".

Answer 79

Denmark (2007) suggests that pornography can actually educate people about sex. • Sexual violence appears to be higher in cultures with less open attitudes to sex and pornography. For example, pornography is illegal in some areas in India, but sexual violence is much more common than in the UK.

Answer 80

Williams and Dickinson (1993) found that British Newspapers devote 30% of their space to crime. Soothill and Walby (1991) found that reports of violent and, in particular, sexual crimes had risen significantly in the last 50 years.

Answer 81

Max Weber argues that the state is "a group that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence within a given territory"

Answer 82

Zemiology: the study of harm Zemiologists argue that state crime is difficult to define because the state can make their crimes 'not illegal'. They therefore judge crimes to be actions that cause harm, rather than that break the law.

Answer 83

Schwendinger- Human Rights Schwendinger disagrees-he argues that a common standard of Human Rights should be applied, and if it is violated, it would constitute a state crime.

Answer 84

Kelman & Hamilton Focused on crimes of obedience such as the one at My Lai in Vietnam where a platoon of American soldiers massacred 400 civilians. They identified 3 features that produced crimes of obedience: X Authorisation - X Routinisation - X Dehumanisation

Answer 85

Zygmunt Bauman argues that many of the features of modernity were needed for the mass murder of Jews in the 1940's: WITH A NEW BY THE AUTHOR AFTERWORD l. science 2. technology 3. division of labour He therefore is arguing that state crime is a defining feature of modernity.

Answer 86

Cohen's contribution to the study of state crime is the "Spiral of denial": Did Kim Jong-un kill his uncle and brother over 'coup plot involving China'? This is the way that states deny their actions. Stage 1: It didnt happen - Stage 2: If it did happen, 'it' is something else - Stage 3: Even if it did happen, it's justified

Answer 87

Green Crime are crimes that affect the environment. This doesn't just mean pollution and climate change, however, as it can include 'normal' criminal offences. McLaughlin offers a division between types of green crime: 1. Primary green crime: e.g. deforestation, pollution, illegal dumping, animal trafficking 2. Secondary green crime: crime that happens through attempting to hide primary green crimes. Violence against protesters, rangers and indigenous communities in the Amazon are good examples.

Answer 88

Trafficking rare species, often from Africa and southern Asia to China for use in medicine, is a common type of green crime. It is responsible for the profound decline in numbers of many species. The Pangolin is the most trafficked animal in the world.

Answer 89

Zemiologists claim that all climate change constitutes a green crime. Since we have been made aware of the issues of climate change in the 1960s, our failure to alter our course of action shows that our actions have been, at best, criminally negligent.

Answer 90

Wolf (2011) highlights the problem with the term 'green crime'- crimes are defined by the state, who are often the perpetrator. Likewise, something may be illegal in one country but not in a neighbouring country. This leads to the use of transgressive criminology, which goes beyond the legal definition of crime to look at any harmful actions. White (2008) creates a transgressive definition of green crime: any human action that causes environmental harm.

Answer 91

Beck's main argument is that we have moved from localised threats and are instead more impacted by global threats. These threats- like global warming- are harder to understand and create a sense of unease and anxiety in socieyy

Answer 92

Organised crime refers to criminal businesses. They are often globalised because, by their nature, they don't follow the law- so national boundaries are not important. These operate similarly to regular businesses Instead, they use technology and transport to move between national jurisdictions. • They seek to make a profit • They have a hierarchy • They specialise However, their fields are illegal.

Answer 93

Castells argues that one of the factors globalisation has led to organised crime becoming a huge industry. He argues that the transnational organised crime industry is worth $1 trillion every year. This is equivalent to the 17th wealthiest nation on earth.

Answer 94

Misha Glenny argues that the end of the Cold War has led to a change in organised crime. • The moving of the economy from government ownership to private ownership allows Russians to become incredibly wealthy very quickly. • These wealthy Russians were equally involved in legal and illegal activities, include protection rackets, smuggling and drug production.

Answer 95

Marxist lan Taylor argues that globalisation has allowed capitalism to operate on both sides of the law. Essentially, there is a global proletariat who produce goods, both legal (like manufacturing clothes) and illegal (like production of drugs and providing people for smuggling). There is also a global bourgeoisie, who consume these goods.

Answer 96

Denmark (2007) suggests that pornography can actually educate people about sex. • Sexual violence appears to be higher in cultures with less open attitudes to sex and pornography. For example, pornography is illegal in some areas in India, but sexual violence is much more common than in the UK.

Crime And Deviance 👮‍♀️ Flashcards

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