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Sociology 🫂 > Crime And Deviance 👮‍♀️ > Flashcards

Crime And Deviance 👮‍♀️ Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Right realism and crime

A

Crimes like substance abuse and stealing can be explained by a lack of work ethic in underclass ( Charles Murray)

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2
Q

David Marsland - right realism

A

Over generous welfare state makes people out of work, boredom causes deviance

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3
Q

Evaluations of right realism and crime

A

It blames the victims, substance abuse is a huge problem and it’s insensitive to blame it on boredom.

Rich people also do drugs

Welfare state is under generous

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4
Q

Biology in right realism and crime

A

Phrenologists believed that you could tell whether a person was a criminal based on lumps on their head

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5
Q

HB Glass

A

Argued that me. Who had particular chromosomes are likely to be sex deviants due to their excess Y chromosome

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6
Q

Evaluations to biology in right realism

A
  • ignores reasons for ‘biology’, squeegee men tended to be black and were cracked down upon but white college deviant students were ignored
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7
Q

Rational choice theory

A

People commit crimes because society gives them a chance to, if it’s easy they will do it, can’t use soft punishment as it won’t prevent them from committing crimes

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8
Q

Cornish and Clarke

A

Criminals tend to weigh up the costs and benefits of offending, they commit when there’s more to gain than to lose

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9
Q

Evaluations of rational choice theory

A
  • ignores the victims of the crimes as it only focuses on perpetrators

-ignores subcultural issues, focuses only on individuals

-social democrats, left realists and Marxists argue that things like capitalist and an under generous welfare state lead to crime

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10
Q

Crime prevention strategies

A
  • early intervention (left realism)
  • community style policing (left realism)
    -zero tolerance policing (right realism )
    -deterrent
    -rehabilitation
    -structural crime prevention strategies
  • militarisation of the police
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11
Q

Early intervention

A

Tony Blair promised that labour would be ‘tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime “ removing reasons why people commit, sure-start centres, compensatory policies etc..

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12
Q

Evaluations of early intervention

A

-expensive and difficult to judge how beneficial these longitudinal studies are
-politically difficult

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13
Q

Situational crime prevention

A

Putting things in place to prevent crime (street spikes and barriers etc)
Making it harder to ‘get away’ with the crime. It doesn’t stop the causes it just stops the crime

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14
Q

Evaluations of situational crime prevention strategies

A

-may create a two tier class system where the poor are left vulnerable
-Mirza says it causes displacement where it doesn’t stop the crime it just moves it somewhere else
-Left realists say it causes hostility between the communities

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15
Q

Environmental crime preventions Wilsons “broken windows theory”

A

-immediately replacing damaged areas
-zero tolerance style policing with harsh punishments

Zimbardos study, abandoned two cars in different places, one poor area and the other in a built up nice area. In 10 minutes the one in the poor area was wrecked, the other one stayed untouched for over a week

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16
Q

Evaluations of broken window theory

A

Doesn’t focus on the first step of a crime
Hasn’t been applied properly

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17
Q

Military style policing

A

Police driving armoured cars, carrying weapons, wearing stab vests etc…

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18
Q

Evaluations of military style policing

A

Left realists like Lea Kinsey and young argue that it’s going to increase feelings of marginalisation, their solution is to have community style policing

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19
Q

Left realism and crime

A

Looking at reality rather than just theories, vulnerable people are more likely to be victims which has a negative impact on society

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20
Q

The Perry pre school project (left realism)

A

David Weikart and Perry pre school head teacher conducted a study with 123 students with risk factors of failing school, they were randomly divided into two groups one with a high quality pre school program and a comparison group who received no pre school education. Conducted from 1962-1967 but were also followed throughout their lives. Found that the program group did much better in life

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21
Q

Evaluations of the Perry preschool project

A

-other experiences in life could have influenced the results
-ethical issues
-not representative

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22
Q

Left realism: why does crime happen?

A

-marginalisation
-relative deprivation
-subcultures

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23
Q

Marginalisation

A

Left realists argue that certain groups turn to crime as a result of feeling ostracised by society. Some groups have means to stand up against oppression, however some groups do not and are marginalised causing them to turn to crime

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24
Q

Relative deprivation

A

People believe that they’re more deprived than others in society, Runciman argues that as expectations for quality of life rise, so does our dissatisfaction with our deprivation

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25
Q

Subcultures

A

Form as a response to marginalisation and relative deprivation, young people join criminal subcultures to not be marginalised and get rewards. Subcultures can create community tensions and can illustrate problems within the economic system. Status frustration(Cohen)

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26
Q

Evaluations to left realist theories

A

-Marxism by a different name
-feminists may argue that is these lead to crime then you would expect women to commit more crime
-there isn’t unlimited money and it’s impossible to just get rid of inequality

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27
Q

White collar crime

A

Occupational/ workplace crime that occurs in middle class settings

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28
Q

Key examples of white collar crime

A

Ford pinto - car that was made with bad engineering that was ignored, killed over 200 people

Deep water horizon- oil rig exploded after they lied to people about the issues being dealt with

Bhopal disaster - industrial poisonous gas leak, 5000 died because of ignored safety dangers

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29
Q

Stephan box

A

The harm caused by white collar crimes are far more serious than street crimes, like physical harm to individuals, environmental costs and costs in health and welfare benefits

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30
Q

Croall

A

Despite the high personal and economic costs of white collar crimes, it is not regarded a serious issue by the general public. These crimes are often invisible as in big companies it is difficult to know where the blame lies. Many people don’t even know they’re victims

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31
Q

Functionalism in crime and deviance

A

Crime can be functional in moderation for society, it creates social solidarity and jobs. Durkheim states that an appropriate amount of crime can cause a collective conscience. However too much crime could cause a showing that society isn’t functioning adequately

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32
Q

Marshall B Clinard

A

Crime serves as a warning function, it indicates that something in society isn’t working properly
Example- London riots

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33
Q

Albert Cohen

A

Deviance can act as a “safety valve” it allows people to express their individuality when their work doesn’t allow them to

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34
Q

Crime and social change

A

Morality of the future- Durkheim argues that crime and deviance can represent the morality of the future

Adaptive functions- helps society adapt to change

Boundary maintenance- serves to illustrate what’s right and wrong

35
Q

Kai T Erickson

A

Used secondary documents to study Durkheim theory of boundary maintenance in the 17th century amongst puritans in America. He found that the institutions handled the puritans rather than removing them from society and although there were methods of correcting, deviance changed

36
Q

Marxist approaches to crime and deviance

A

Snider - laws that appear to benefit the working class, like health and safety or pollution preventing laws are only passed reluctantly to prevent further loss of power

37
Q

Stephan box - Marxism

A

The severity of crime is ideologically constructed. Crimes by major corporations and the powerful and ignored or fined rather than punished with prison. Crimes in working class are punished severely. The government uses laws to restrict and control the working class

38
Q

Marx - the social conditions of crime

A

Capitalism develops over time, the worse the social conditions become. Pauperisation and alienation are the main examples of this

39
Q

Criminogenic capitalism

A

Capitalism itself is a crime, it’s exploitive and abusive which leads to a society where everyone ‘looks after number one’ leading to a criminal attitude in the population. Working class becomes poorer, decided up to prevent revolution, encourages to think about themselves alpne

40
Q

Gordon - Marxism

A

In the social condition of capitalism, it was surprising that the working class didn’t commit more crime

41
Q

Chambliss - the saints and the roughnecks

A

Two groups of boys that committed roughly the same amount of crime, however since one group were middle class boys with a good reputation, they didn’t ever get punished and their crimes were overlooked and ignored whereas the roughnecks did the same crimes but got punished due to them being working class

42
Q

Reiman

A

Crimes of the powerful are much less likely to be treated as criminal offences and prosecuted, street crimes of the working class are much more likely to be prosecuted

43
Q

Ecological theory of crime and deviance

A

Crimes occurring in a specific areas due to the area itself. For example robbery and vandalism is more focused in urban areas

44
Q

Park and Burgess

A

American cities are subdivided into 5 zones: central business district, factory zone, zone of transition, residential zone and commuter zone

45
Q

Social disorganisation theory

A

-argues that crime stems from the urban environment as much as it does from factors like class, race and gender

-focus on the zone of transition as an area that lacks the social organisation that other zones have. Members aren’t bound by similarities between members. Community changes so regularly people don’t feel like a part of it so they’re not attached to

46
Q

McKay and Shaw

A

Found that juvenile delinquency is focused on the stone of transition

47
Q

Sutherland

A

Argued that where social bonds are weaker, crime is more common, more likely to commit crime in unattached areas to them

48
Q

Cavan

A

Wasn’t just crime, there was all sorts of delinquent behaviour in the zone of transition

49
Q

Key evaluation of the ecological theory

A

Based on America, only works on designed cities. Baldwin and Bottoms studied crime in Sheffield after categorising into 3 types of housing, council rented and owned. Crime highest in council. Only correlation seems to be poverty and crime

50
Q

Punishment

A

-community service
-prison
-fines
-restraining orders
-bans
-house arrest
-discharge

51
Q

Functions of punishment

A

Reform - change the individual so they don’t re offend

Deterrence - harsh punishments will discourage future criminals

Restitution - punishment can be used to repair damage caused by criminals

Public safety - prisons can be used to remove criminals from society

52
Q

Transcarceration

A

The idea that state institutions will take care of people from a young age as they move to foster care to reform schools to prisons and mental hospitals. There’s a correlation between access to foster care and the prison population

53
Q

Durkheim - expressive function of punishment

A

Emotive, allowing society to voice its discontent

54
Q

Durkheim - instrumental function of punishment

A

Practical and pragmatic preventing a criminal from reoffending

55
Q

Gordon - Marxism and punishment

A

We sweep under the issues that cause criminals by imprisoning them so we don’t see them.

It’s the marginalised who end up in prison.

56
Q

Goffman - interactionist and punishment

A

Institutions change people, mortification which is having their identities stripped away like uniforms and times

57
Q

Interactionist approaches to crime and deviance

A

Individuals are shaped by interactions, not by institutions or structures. No capitalism, no consensus or patriarchy just individuals going against eachother

58
Q

Moral entrepreneur

A

Person with status who can create a label

59
Q

Master label

A

Label is adopted by the individual and becomes how they see themselves

60
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

Individuals are shaped by this label and it becomes true

61
Q

Breaching experiment

A

Deliberate breach of accepted social norms

62
Q

Edwin Lemert

A

Studied Canadian Inuits and their common tendency to stutter and found that in their societies they also had a strong emphasis on public speaking children would practice speaking and get told off for stammering which made it worse. The primary deviance is the initial act and the secondary deviance is after the response more deviance occurs

63
Q

Evaluations of Lemert

A

His research is specific to one context with a small specific sample

Suggests that deviance breeds deviance and punishments aren’t reforming just making them worse

64
Q

Evaluations of the labelling theory

A

It’s overly deterministic

Doesn’t account for those who are labelled as deviant but don’t become deviant

Ignoring root causes only suggests why the deviant behaviour gets worse

65
Q

Subcultural theories

A

Subculture - smaller version of a culture which is slightly different with different views and Norms that differ from mainstream

66
Q

Albert cohen - status frustration

A

Working class men believe in the goals of society but lack the opportunity to succeed. This leads to status frustration which leads to them rejecting their goals and becoming delinquents

67
Q

Miller - focal concerns

A

Smartness, autonomy, trouble, excitement and masculinity. These increase their chances of committing a crime

68
Q

Cloward and Ohlin

A

Subcultures are formed as a response to not getting what they want, they argue that individuals who cannot succeed form criminal, conflict and retreatist. subcultures

69
Q

Evaluating the functionalist subculture theory

A

Matza says that most people who commit crime will only do it temporarily they will drift in and out of delinquency but learn to control it. Deviants rationalise their actions with techniques of neutralisation

70
Q

Internationalist ideas of subcultures

A

Subcultures are viewed as deviants by those outside of the group, this makes them deviant (mods and rockers)

71
Q

Stanley Cohen - mods and rockers

A

An initial scuffle between two groups, this was over reported and amplified causing an uprise between the two, this turned into a self fulfilling prophecy. Young people were easy victims of folk devil which caused moral panic

72
Q

Marxism - subcultures as a response to capitalism

A

Phil Cohen - subcultures form in areas with economic circumstances changing rapidly due to capitalism. People becoming disappointed with society, their work identity is destroyed and they form a new identity to reclaim it

73
Q

Brake

A

Describes forming a new identity when their work one is destroyed as a magical solution, because it feels like your community exists when capitalism has destroyed it

74
Q

Hall and Jefferson

A

Resistance through style, though they know it won’t be an effective form of resistance

75
Q

Hebdidge - incorporation

A

Becomes mainstream style, small subcultures/rebellions are ineffective and capitalism profits from it

76
Q

Marxism and football violence

A

Football became a huge consumer market and increasingly international making it more expensive for fans and more beneficial for the rich

Clarke - because of this change supporters have lost territory this leads to violence with other fans over this territory. Communities become divided up between clubs.

77
Q

Moral panic

A

Exaggerated media reaction to behaviour that deviates from the norms and shared values of society

78
Q

Robert Merton - latent and manifest functions of crime

A

Latent - what the crime intends to do

Manifest - unintended consequences that have an effect on society

79
Q

Merton - strain theory

A

Suggests that crime occurs when there is a gap between society’s goals and the individuals ability to achieve these goals

80
Q

Merton - responses to anomie

A

Merton calls a society where its goals and the individuals ability to meet them are not in like anomic

81
Q

Morton’s deviance typology

A

Conformity - these people share the goals of society so they play along until they succeed their goals

Innovation - they have the goals but not the means so they come up with new means to achieve

Ritualism - don’t share the goals but go along with it anyway, work but no passion to succeed

Retreatism - neither the goals or the means so they drop out of society

Rebellion - reject the goals and the means and have their own goals for societal change

82
Q

Evaluating Merton

A
  • Kornhauser, research found that deviants have low expectations so don’t subscribe to societies goals
  • many crimes still defy categories: crimes of passion or neglect and white collar crimes
  • although all societies have goals, Merton only studied the US so these might not apply to other cultures/societies
83
Q

Right realists say these are the reasons for crime

A

Rational choice theory
Poor socialisation
Biology

84
Q

Jack young left realist

A

Blames crime on late modernity

Uncertainty and instability
Less agreement about moral values
Immediate gratification
Less community control

Sociology 🫂 (5 decks)

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