Crime And Deviance 👮‍♀️ Flashcards

(120 cards)

1
Q

Right realism and crime

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Crimes like substance abuse and stealing can be explained by a lack of work ethic in underclass ( Charles Murray)

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2
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David Marsland - right realism

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Over generous welfare state makes people out of work, boredom causes deviance

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3
Q

Evaluations of right realism and crime

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It blames the victims, substance abuse is a huge problem and it’s insensitive to blame it on boredom.

Rich people also do drugs

Welfare state is under generous

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4
Q

Biology in right realism and crime

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Phrenologists believed that you could tell whether a person was a criminal based on lumps on their head

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5
Q

HB Glass

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Argued that me. Who had particular chromosomes are likely to be sex deviants due to their excess Y chromosome

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6
Q

Evaluations to biology in right realism

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  • ignores reasons for ‘biology’, squeegee men tended to be black and were cracked down upon but white college deviant students were ignored
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7
Q

Rational choice theory

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People commit crimes because society gives them a chance to, if it’s easy they will do it, can’t use soft punishment as it won’t prevent them from committing crimes

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8
Q

Cornish and Clarke

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Criminals tend to weigh up the costs and benefits of offending, they commit when there’s more to gain than to lose

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9
Q

Evaluations of rational choice theory

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  • ignores the victims of the crimes as it only focuses on perpetrators

-ignores subcultural issues, focuses only on individuals

-social democrats, left realists and Marxists argue that things like capitalist and an under generous welfare state lead to crime

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10
Q

Crime prevention strategies

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  • early intervention (left realism)
  • community style policing (left realism)
    -zero tolerance policing (right realism )
    -deterrent
    -rehabilitation
    -structural crime prevention strategies
  • militarisation of the police
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11
Q

Early intervention

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Tony Blair promised that labour would be ‘tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime “ removing reasons why people commit, sure-start centres, compensatory policies etc..

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12
Q

Evaluations of early intervention

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-expensive and difficult to judge how beneficial these longitudinal studies are
-politically difficult

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13
Q

Situational crime prevention

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Putting things in place to prevent crime (street spikes and barriers etc)
Making it harder to ‘get away’ with the crime. It doesn’t stop the causes it just stops the crime

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14
Q

Evaluations of situational crime prevention strategies

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-may create a two tier class system where the poor are left vulnerable
-Mirza says it causes displacement where it doesn’t stop the crime it just moves it somewhere else
-Left realists say it causes hostility between the communities

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15
Q

Environmental crime preventions Wilsons “broken windows theory”

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-immediately replacing damaged areas
-zero tolerance style policing with harsh punishments

Zimbardos study, abandoned two cars in different places, one poor area and the other in a built up nice area. In 10 minutes the one in the poor area was wrecked, the other one stayed untouched for over a week

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16
Q

Evaluations of broken window theory

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Doesn’t focus on the first step of a crime
Hasn’t been applied properly

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17
Q

Military style policing

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Police driving armoured cars, carrying weapons, wearing stab vests etc…

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18
Q

Evaluations of military style policing

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Left realists like Lea Kinsey and young argue that it’s going to increase feelings of marginalisation, their solution is to have community style policing

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19
Q

Left realism and crime

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Looking at reality rather than just theories, vulnerable people are more likely to be victims which has a negative impact on society

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20
Q

The Perry pre school project (left realism)

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David Weikart and Perry pre school head teacher conducted a study with 123 students with risk factors of failing school, they were randomly divided into two groups one with a high quality pre school program and a comparison group who received no pre school education. Conducted from 1962-1967 but were also followed throughout their lives. Found that the program group did much better in life

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21
Q

Evaluations of the Perry preschool project

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-other experiences in life could have influenced the results
-ethical issues
-not representative

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22
Q

Left realism: why does crime happen?

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-marginalisation
-relative deprivation
-subcultures

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23
Q

Marginalisation

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Left realists argue that certain groups turn to crime as a result of feeling ostracised by society. Some groups have means to stand up against oppression, however some groups do not and are marginalised causing them to turn to crime

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24
Q

Relative deprivation

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People believe that they’re more deprived than others in society, Runciman argues that as expectations for quality of life rise, so does our dissatisfaction with our deprivation

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25
Subcultures
Form as a response to marginalisation and relative deprivation, young people join criminal subcultures to not be marginalised and get rewards. Subcultures can create community tensions and can illustrate problems within the economic system. Status frustration(Cohen)
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Evaluations to left realist theories
-Marxism by a different name -feminists may argue that is these lead to crime then you would expect women to commit more crime -there isn’t unlimited money and it’s impossible to just get rid of inequality
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White collar crime
Occupational/ workplace crime that occurs in middle class settings
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Key examples of white collar crime
Ford pinto - car that was made with bad engineering that was ignored, killed over 200 people Deep water horizon- oil rig exploded after they lied to people about the issues being dealt with Bhopal disaster - industrial poisonous gas leak, 5000 died because of ignored safety dangers
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Stephan box
The harm caused by white collar crimes are far more serious than street crimes, like physical harm to individuals, environmental costs and costs in health and welfare benefits
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Croall
Despite the high personal and economic costs of white collar crimes, it is not regarded a serious issue by the general public. These crimes are often invisible as in big companies it is difficult to know where the blame lies. Many people don’t even know they’re victims
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Functionalism in crime and deviance
Crime can be functional in moderation for society, it creates social solidarity and jobs. Durkheim states that an appropriate amount of crime can cause a collective conscience. However too much crime could cause a showing that society isn’t functioning adequately
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Marshall B Clinard
Crime serves as a warning function, it indicates that something in society isn’t working properly Example- London riots
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Albert Cohen
Deviance can act as a “safety valve” it allows people to express their individuality when their work doesn’t allow them to
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Crime and social change
Morality of the future- Durkheim argues that crime and deviance can represent the morality of the future Adaptive functions- helps society adapt to change Boundary maintenance- serves to illustrate what’s right and wrong
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Kai T Erickson
Used secondary documents to study Durkheim theory of boundary maintenance in the 17th century amongst puritans in America. He found that the institutions handled the puritans rather than removing them from society and although there were methods of correcting, deviance changed
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Marxist approaches to crime and deviance
Snider - laws that appear to benefit the working class, like health and safety or pollution preventing laws are only passed reluctantly to prevent further loss of power
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Stephan box - Marxism
The severity of crime is ideologically constructed. Crimes by major corporations and the powerful and ignored or fined rather than punished with prison. Crimes in working class are punished severely. The government uses laws to restrict and control the working class
38
Marx - the social conditions of crime
Capitalism develops over time, the worse the social conditions become. Pauperisation and alienation are the main examples of this
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Criminogenic capitalism
Capitalism itself is a crime, it’s exploitive and abusive which leads to a society where everyone ‘looks after number one’ leading to a criminal attitude in the population. Working class becomes poorer, decided up to prevent revolution, encourages to think about themselves alpne
40
Gordon - Marxism
In the social condition of capitalism, it was surprising that the working class didn’t commit more crime
41
Chambliss - the saints and the roughnecks
Two groups of boys that committed roughly the same amount of crime, however since one group were middle class boys with a good reputation, they didn’t ever get punished and their crimes were overlooked and ignored whereas the roughnecks did the same crimes but got punished due to them being working class
42
Reiman
Crimes of the powerful are much less likely to be treated as criminal offences and prosecuted, street crimes of the working class are much more likely to be prosecuted
43
Ecological theory of crime and deviance
Crimes occurring in a specific areas due to the area itself. For example robbery and vandalism is more focused in urban areas
44
Park and Burgess
American cities are subdivided into 5 zones: central business district, factory zone, zone of transition, residential zone and commuter zone
45
Social disorganisation theory
-argues that crime stems from the urban environment as much as it does from factors like class, race and gender -focus on the zone of transition as an area that lacks the social organisation that other zones have. Members aren’t bound by similarities between members. Community changes so regularly people don’t feel like a part of it so they’re not attached to
46
McKay and Shaw
Found that juvenile delinquency is focused on the stone of transition
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Sutherland
Argued that where social bonds are weaker, crime is more common, more likely to commit crime in unattached areas to them
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Cavan
Wasn’t just crime, there was all sorts of delinquent behaviour in the zone of transition
49
Key evaluation of the ecological theory
Based on America, only works on designed cities. Baldwin and Bottoms studied crime in Sheffield after categorising into 3 types of housing, council rented and owned. Crime highest in council. Only correlation seems to be poverty and crime
50
Punishment
-community service -prison -fines -restraining orders -bans -house arrest -discharge
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Functions of punishment
Reform - change the individual so they don’t re offend Deterrence - harsh punishments will discourage future criminals Restitution - punishment can be used to repair damage caused by criminals Public safety - prisons can be used to remove criminals from society
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Transcarceration
The idea that state institutions will take care of people from a young age as they move to foster care to reform schools to prisons and mental hospitals. There’s a correlation between access to foster care and the prison population
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Durkheim - expressive function of punishment
Emotive, allowing society to voice its discontent
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Durkheim - instrumental function of punishment
Practical and pragmatic preventing a criminal from reoffending
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Gordon - Marxism and punishment
We sweep under the issues that cause criminals by imprisoning them so we don’t see them. It’s the marginalised who end up in prison.
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Goffman - interactionist and punishment
Institutions change people, mortification which is having their identities stripped away like uniforms and times
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Interactionist approaches to crime and deviance
Individuals are shaped by interactions, not by institutions or structures. No capitalism, no consensus or patriarchy just individuals going against eachother
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Moral entrepreneur
Person with status who can create a label
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Master label
Label is adopted by the individual and becomes how they see themselves
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Self fulfilling prophecy
Individuals are shaped by this label and it becomes true
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Breaching experiment
Deliberate breach of accepted social norms
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Edwin Lemert
Studied Canadian Inuits and their common tendency to stutter and found that in their societies they also had a strong emphasis on public speaking children would practice speaking and get told off for stammering which made it worse. The primary deviance is the initial act and the secondary deviance is after the response more deviance occurs
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Evaluations of Lemert
His research is specific to one context with a small specific sample Suggests that deviance breeds deviance and punishments aren’t reforming just making them worse
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Evaluations of the labelling theory
It’s overly deterministic Doesn’t account for those who are labelled as deviant but don’t become deviant Ignoring root causes only suggests why the deviant behaviour gets worse
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Subcultural theories
Subculture - smaller version of a culture which is slightly different with different views and Norms that differ from mainstream
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Albert cohen - status frustration
Working class men believe in the goals of society but lack the opportunity to succeed. This leads to status frustration which leads to them rejecting their goals and becoming delinquents
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Miller - focal concerns
Smartness, autonomy, trouble, excitement and masculinity. These increase their chances of committing a crime
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Cloward and Ohlin
Subcultures are formed as a response to not getting what they want, they argue that individuals who cannot succeed form criminal, conflict and retreatist. subcultures
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Evaluating the functionalist subculture theory
Matza says that most people who commit crime will only do it temporarily they will drift in and out of delinquency but learn to control it. Deviants rationalise their actions with techniques of neutralisation
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Internationalist ideas of subcultures
Subcultures are viewed as deviants by those outside of the group, this makes them deviant (mods and rockers)
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Stanley Cohen - mods and rockers
An initial scuffle between two groups, this was over reported and amplified causing an uprise between the two, this turned into a self fulfilling prophecy. Young people were easy victims of folk devil which caused moral panic
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Marxism - subcultures as a response to capitalism
Phil Cohen - subcultures form in areas with economic circumstances changing rapidly due to capitalism. People becoming disappointed with society, their work identity is destroyed and they form a new identity to reclaim it
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Brake
Describes forming a new identity when their work one is destroyed as a magical solution, because it feels like your community exists when capitalism has destroyed it
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Hall and Jefferson
Resistance through style, though they know it won’t be an effective form of resistance
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Hebdidge - incorporation
Becomes mainstream style, small subcultures/rebellions are ineffective and capitalism profits from it
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Marxism and football violence
Football became a huge consumer market and increasingly international making it more expensive for fans and more beneficial for the rich Clarke - because of this change supporters have lost territory this leads to violence with other fans over this territory. Communities become divided up between clubs.
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Moral panic
Exaggerated media reaction to behaviour that deviates from the norms and shared values of society
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Robert Merton - latent and manifest functions of crime
Latent - what the crime intends to do Manifest - unintended consequences that have an effect on society
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Merton - strain theory
Suggests that crime occurs when there is a gap between society’s goals and the individuals ability to achieve these goals
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Merton - responses to anomie
Merton calls a society where its goals and the individuals ability to meet them are not in like anomic
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Morton’s deviance typology
Conformity - these people share the goals of society so they play along until they succeed their goals Innovation - they have the goals but not the means so they come up with new means to achieve Ritualism - don’t share the goals but go along with it anyway, work but no passion to succeed Retreatism - neither the goals or the means so they drop out of society Rebellion - reject the goals and the means and have their own goals for societal change
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Evaluating Merton
- Kornhauser, research found that deviants have low expectations so don’t subscribe to societies goals - many crimes still defy categories: crimes of passion or neglect and white collar crimes - although all societies have goals, Merton only studied the US so these might not apply to other cultures/societies
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Right realists say these are the reasons for crime
Rational choice theory Poor socialisation Biology
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Jack young left realist
Blames crime on late modernity Uncertainty and instability Less agreement about moral values Immediate gratification Less community control
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Wolfgang
He found that, in 26% of homicides, the victim had 'precipitated' or in some way provoked their murder. He identified certain traits in murder victims - they often had a criminal history, a violent past and alcohol issues. The 'typical' murder victim was identical to the 'typical' murderer - overwhelmingly, both were young men.
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Positivist criminology
Tierney (1996) found two ways in which people become victims of crime: 1) Victim proneness: membership of certain social groups makes a person more likely to be a victim 2) Victim precipitation: actions of an individual can lead to them being the victims of crime (e.g. not locking doors, walking down dark streets at night)
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Why women commit less crime
Heidensohn argues that, because women have less time outside of work due to the dual burden, they are likely to commit less crime. • Heidensohn argues that women are controlled in the workplace, the "private domestic sphere" and the public sphere
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Why women commit more
Adler argues that women having jobs and autonomy gives them not only an income but also the opportunity to participate in ways they haven't before. • For example, women are able to participate in the Night Time Economy in a way they haven't historically. • This has led to an increase in female crime rates
89
Gender deals
Carlen (1977) argues that women commit less crime because they are encouraged to 'sign up' to a 'gender deal' and a 'class deal' Gender deal: the rewards that arise from a fulfilling home life, with a rewarding relationship with a male breadwinner Class deal: the material rewards of working in paid employment, allowing a stable home
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The chivalry thesis
Pollack GUNTY JAIL Pollack argues that the justice system is dominated by men who don't take women seriously. • Police officers are less likely to arrest women for the same offenses • Judges will sentence less harshly Juries are more likely to acquit women than men This is because their attitudes to women suggest that their offense is less serious.
91
Parsons sex role
Parsons' sex role theory argues that men and women act differently because they are better at different things. Women are better at empathy and thinking, but men are better at 'doing' and being decisive. Because of this, men commit more crime.
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The new man
The new man is empathetic, family-oriented and avoids conflict, whilst also adopting traditionally female characteristics such as caring about their appearance and their friends.
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Retributive masculinity
particularly liberal feminists, argue that there is a form of masculinity known as 'retributive masculinity. • This is where some men, unable to be successful as a 'new man' and resenting the success of women in modern society, adopt an ola- fashioned form of masculinity. • This may explain violence, especially violence against women
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Redundant masculinity
McDowell argues that a shortage of job opportunities and academic success for working class men has led to a return to old masculinities. LINDA MCDOWELL REDUNDANT EMPLOYMENT AND WHITE WORKING CLASS YOUTH MASCULINITIES? • This means men believe they should be the heads of their families, and should be more important than women. • This may lead to misogynistic attitudes to women.
95
Winlow
Winlow's research of bouncers in Sunderland linked employment shift to masculinity. Bouncers, working class men who would traditionally be working in shipyards, found that they could 'achieve' masculinity through the use of force (both legally and illegally) and through other criminal activities, like dealing drugs on the doors of nightclubs.
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Racism
Bowling (2007) argues that many police officers hold racist and racialised expectations of offenders. This leads to higher rates of stop-and- search. This develops into anti-police feeling, which can lead to actual offences being committed.
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Media and offending
Hargrave (2002) found that black people were more than twice as likely to be portrayed as criminals, whilst asylum seekers and non-whites are likely to be portrayed as a 'problem group'.
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Policing the crisis
Hall studied a moral panic of young black men mugging white people. He argued that the bourgeoisie amplified crimes like this in order to divide up the working class. Furthermore, the economy was in decline at the time- and Hall says that this was the bourgeoisie attempting to distract people.
99
Resisting British culture
Paul Gilroy argues that ethnic minorities, especially African-Caribbeans, may commit more crime as a way of resisting British culture. They are resisting oppression and losing their culture. Gilroy argues that the race riots of the 1980s were a good example of African Caribbeans resisting police oppression.
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Crime and media
Bandura bobo doll
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Evals to crime and violence
Some research suggests that either there is no link between violence and the media, or a negative relationship. Gauntlett (2007) analysed hundreds of studies into violence and the media and found literally no correlation- either positive or negative.
102
Feminism
Anti-pornography feminists often view that pornography- a form of media- directly leads to crime. Robin Morgan argued "pornography is the theory, rape is the practice".
103
Eval to the feminist approach
Denmark (2007) suggests that pornography can actually educate people about sex. • Sexual violence appears to be higher in cultures with less open attitudes to sex and pornography. For example, pornography is illegal in some areas in India, but sexual violence is much more common than in the UK.
104
Distorts people view of the world
Williams and Dickinson (1993) found that British Newspapers devote 30% of their space to crime. Soothill and Walby (1991) found that reports of violent and, in particular, sexual crimes had risen significantly in the last 50 years.
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The state
Max Weber argues that the state is "a group that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence within a given territory"
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Interpretations one
Zemiology: the study of harm Zemiologists argue that state crime is difficult to define because the state can make their crimes 'not illegal'. They therefore judge crimes to be actions that cause harm, rather than that break the law.
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Interpretations two
Schwendinger- Human Rights Schwendinger disagrees-he argues that a common standard of Human Rights should be applied, and if it is violated, it would constitute a state crime.
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Social conditions of state crime
Kelman & Hamilton Focused on crimes of obedience such as the one at My Lai in Vietnam where a platoon of American soldiers massacred 400 civilians. They identified 3 features that produced crimes of obedience: X Authorisation - X Routinisation - X Dehumanisation
109
Bauman state crime
Zygmunt Bauman argues that many of the features of modernity were needed for the mass murder of Jews in the 1940's: WITH A NEW BY THE AUTHOR AFTERWORD l. science 2. technology 3. division of labour He therefore is arguing that state crime is a defining feature of modernity.
110
Spiral of denial
Cohen's contribution to the study of state crime is the "Spiral of denial": Did Kim Jong-un kill his uncle and brother over 'coup plot involving China'? This is the way that states deny their actions. Stage 1: It didnt happen - Stage 2: If it did happen, 'it' is something else - Stage 3: Even if it did happen, it's justified
111
Green crime
Green Crime are crimes that affect the environment. This doesn't just mean pollution and climate change, however, as it can include 'normal' criminal offences. McLaughlin offers a division between types of green crime: 1. Primary green crime: e.g. deforestation, pollution, illegal dumping, animal trafficking 2. Secondary green crime: crime that happens through attempting to hide primary green crimes. Violence against protesters, rangers and indigenous communities in the Amazon are good examples.
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Key example
Trafficking rare species, often from Africa and southern Asia to China for use in medicine, is a common type of green crime. It is responsible for the profound decline in numbers of many species. The Pangolin is the most trafficked animal in the world.
113
Key example
Zemiologists claim that all climate change constitutes a green crime. Since we have been made aware of the issues of climate change in the 1960s, our failure to alter our course of action shows that our actions have been, at best, criminally negligent.
114
Transgressive criminology
Wolf (2011) highlights the problem with the term 'green crime'- crimes are defined by the state, who are often the perpetrator. Likewise, something may be illegal in one country but not in a neighbouring country. This leads to the use of transgressive criminology, which goes beyond the legal definition of crime to look at any harmful actions. White (2008) creates a transgressive definition of green crime: any human action that causes environmental harm.
115
Beck risk society
Beck's main argument is that we have moved from localised threats and are instead more impacted by global threats. These threats- like global warming- are harder to understand and create a sense of unease and anxiety in socieyy
116
Organised crime
Organised crime refers to criminal businesses. They are often globalised because, by their nature, they don't follow the law- so national boundaries are not important. These operate similarly to regular businesses Instead, they use technology and transport to move between national jurisdictions. • They seek to make a profit • They have a hierarchy • They specialise However, their fields are illegal.
117
Castells
Castells argues that one of the factors globalisation has led to organised crime becoming a huge industry. He argues that the transnational organised crime industry is worth $1 trillion every year. This is equivalent to the 17th wealthiest nation on earth.
118
Mcmafia
Misha Glenny argues that the end of the Cold War has led to a change in organised crime. • The moving of the economy from government ownership to private ownership allows Russians to become incredibly wealthy very quickly. • These wealthy Russians were equally involved in legal and illegal activities, include protection rackets, smuggling and drug production.
119
Taylor
Marxist lan Taylor argues that globalisation has allowed capitalism to operate on both sides of the law. Essentially, there is a global proletariat who produce goods, both legal (like manufacturing clothes) and illegal (like production of drugs and providing people for smuggling). There is also a global bourgeoisie, who consume these goods.
120
Eval to the feminist approach
Denmark (2007) suggests that pornography can actually educate people about sex. • Sexual violence appears to be higher in cultures with less open attitudes to sex and pornography. For example, pornography is illegal in some areas in India, but sexual violence is much more common than in the UK.