Crime And Deviance 👮‍♀️ Flashcards

Question

Subcultures

Answer 1

Form as a response to marginalisation and relative deprivation, young people join criminal subcultures to not be marginalised and get rewards. Subcultures can create community tensions and can illustrate problems within the economic system. Status frustration(Cohen)

Answer 2

-Marxism by a different name -feminists may argue that is these lead to crime then you would expect women to commit more crime -there isn’t unlimited money and it’s impossible to just get rid of inequality

Answer 3

Occupational/ workplace crime that occurs in middle class settings

Answer 4

Ford pinto - car that was made with bad engineering that was ignored, killed over 200 people Deep water horizon- oil rig exploded after they lied to people about the issues being dealt with Bhopal disaster - industrial poisonous gas leak, 5000 died because of ignored safety dangers

Answer 5

The harm caused by white collar crimes are far more serious than street crimes, like physical harm to individuals, environmental costs and costs in health and welfare benefits

Answer 6

Despite the high personal and economic costs of white collar crimes, it is not regarded a serious issue by the general public. These crimes are often invisible as in big companies it is difficult to know where the blame lies. Many people don’t even know they’re victims

Answer 7

Crime can be functional in moderation for society, it creates social solidarity and jobs. Durkheim states that an appropriate amount of crime can cause a collective conscience. However too much crime could cause a showing that society isn’t functioning adequately

Answer 8

Crime serves as a warning function, it indicates that something in society isn’t working properly Example- London riots

Answer 9

Deviance can act as a “safety valve” it allows people to express their individuality when their work doesn’t allow them to

Answer 10

Morality of the future- Durkheim argues that crime and deviance can represent the morality of the future Adaptive functions- helps society adapt to change Boundary maintenance- serves to illustrate what’s right and wrong

Answer 11

Used secondary documents to study Durkheim theory of boundary maintenance in the 17th century amongst puritans in America. He found that the institutions handled the puritans rather than removing them from society and although there were methods of correcting, deviance changed

Answer 12

Snider - laws that appear to benefit the working class, like health and safety or pollution preventing laws are only passed reluctantly to prevent further loss of power

Answer 13

The severity of crime is ideologically constructed. Crimes by major corporations and the powerful and ignored or fined rather than punished with prison. Crimes in working class are punished severely. The government uses laws to restrict and control the working class

Answer 14

Capitalism develops over time, the worse the social conditions become. Pauperisation and alienation are the main examples of this

Answer 15

Capitalism itself is a crime, it’s exploitive and abusive which leads to a society where everyone ‘looks after number one’ leading to a criminal attitude in the population. Working class becomes poorer, decided up to prevent revolution, encourages to think about themselves alpne

Answer 16

In the social condition of capitalism, it was surprising that the working class didn’t commit more crime

Answer 17

Two groups of boys that committed roughly the same amount of crime, however since one group were middle class boys with a good reputation, they didn’t ever get punished and their crimes were overlooked and ignored whereas the roughnecks did the same crimes but got punished due to them being working class

Answer 18

Crimes of the powerful are much less likely to be treated as criminal offences and prosecuted, street crimes of the working class are much more likely to be prosecuted

Answer 19

Crimes occurring in a specific areas due to the area itself. For example robbery and vandalism is more focused in urban areas

Answer 20

American cities are subdivided into 5 zones: central business district, factory zone, zone of transition, residential zone and commuter zone

Answer 21

-argues that crime stems from the urban environment as much as it does from factors like class, race and gender -focus on the zone of transition as an area that lacks the social organisation that other zones have. Members aren’t bound by similarities between members. Community changes so regularly people don’t feel like a part of it so they’re not attached to

Answer 22

Found that juvenile delinquency is focused on the stone of transition

Answer 23

Argued that where social bonds are weaker, crime is more common, more likely to commit crime in unattached areas to them

Answer 24

Wasn’t just crime, there was all sorts of delinquent behaviour in the zone of transition

Answer 25

Based on America, only works on designed cities. Baldwin and Bottoms studied crime in Sheffield after categorising into 3 types of housing, council rented and owned. Crime highest in council. Only correlation seems to be poverty and crime

Answer 26

-community service -prison -fines -restraining orders -bans -house arrest -discharge

Answer 27

Reform - change the individual so they don’t re offend Deterrence - harsh punishments will discourage future criminals Restitution - punishment can be used to repair damage caused by criminals Public safety - prisons can be used to remove criminals from society

Answer 28

The idea that state institutions will take care of people from a young age as they move to foster care to reform schools to prisons and mental hospitals. There’s a correlation between access to foster care and the prison population

Answer 29

Emotive, allowing society to voice its discontent

Answer 30

Practical and pragmatic preventing a criminal from reoffending

Answer 31

We sweep under the issues that cause criminals by imprisoning them so we don’t see them. It’s the marginalised who end up in prison.

Answer 32

Institutions change people, mortification which is having their identities stripped away like uniforms and times

Answer 33

Individuals are shaped by interactions, not by institutions or structures. No capitalism, no consensus or patriarchy just individuals going against eachother

Answer 34

Person with status who can create a label

Answer 35

Label is adopted by the individual and becomes how they see themselves

Answer 36

Individuals are shaped by this label and it becomes true

Answer 37

Deliberate breach of accepted social norms

Answer 38

Studied Canadian Inuits and their common tendency to stutter and found that in their societies they also had a strong emphasis on public speaking children would practice speaking and get told off for stammering which made it worse. The primary deviance is the initial act and the secondary deviance is after the response more deviance occurs

Answer 39

His research is specific to one context with a small specific sample Suggests that deviance breeds deviance and punishments aren’t reforming just making them worse

Answer 40

It’s overly deterministic Doesn’t account for those who are labelled as deviant but don’t become deviant Ignoring root causes only suggests why the deviant behaviour gets worse

Answer 41

Subculture - smaller version of a culture which is slightly different with different views and Norms that differ from mainstream

Answer 42

Working class men believe in the goals of society but lack the opportunity to succeed. This leads to status frustration which leads to them rejecting their goals and becoming delinquents

Answer 43

Smartness, autonomy, trouble, excitement and masculinity. These increase their chances of committing a crime

Answer 44

Subcultures are formed as a response to not getting what they want, they argue that individuals who cannot succeed form criminal, conflict and retreatist. subcultures

Answer 45

Matza says that most people who commit crime will only do it temporarily they will drift in and out of delinquency but learn to control it. Deviants rationalise their actions with techniques of neutralisation

Answer 46

Subcultures are viewed as deviants by those outside of the group, this makes them deviant (mods and rockers)

Answer 47

An initial scuffle between two groups, this was over reported and amplified causing an uprise between the two, this turned into a self fulfilling prophecy. Young people were easy victims of folk devil which caused moral panic

Answer 48

Phil Cohen - subcultures form in areas with economic circumstances changing rapidly due to capitalism. People becoming disappointed with society, their work identity is destroyed and they form a new identity to reclaim it

Answer 49

Describes forming a new identity when their work one is destroyed as a magical solution, because it feels like your community exists when capitalism has destroyed it

Answer 50

Resistance through style, though they know it won’t be an effective form of resistance

Answer 51

Becomes mainstream style, small subcultures/rebellions are ineffective and capitalism profits from it

Answer 52

Football became a huge consumer market and increasingly international making it more expensive for fans and more beneficial for the rich Clarke - because of this change supporters have lost territory this leads to violence with other fans over this territory. Communities become divided up between clubs.

Answer 53

Exaggerated media reaction to behaviour that deviates from the norms and shared values of society

Answer 54

Latent - what the crime intends to do Manifest - unintended consequences that have an effect on society

Answer 55

Suggests that crime occurs when there is a gap between society’s goals and the individuals ability to achieve these goals

Answer 56

Merton calls a society where its goals and the individuals ability to meet them are not in like anomic

Answer 57

Conformity - these people share the goals of society so they play along until they succeed their goals Innovation - they have the goals but not the means so they come up with new means to achieve Ritualism - don’t share the goals but go along with it anyway, work but no passion to succeed Retreatism - neither the goals or the means so they drop out of society Rebellion - reject the goals and the means and have their own goals for societal change

Answer 58

- Kornhauser, research found that deviants have low expectations so don’t subscribe to societies goals - many crimes still defy categories: crimes of passion or neglect and white collar crimes - although all societies have goals, Merton only studied the US so these might not apply to other cultures/societies

Answer 59

Rational choice theory Poor socialisation Biology

Answer 60

Blames crime on late modernity Uncertainty and instability Less agreement about moral values Immediate gratification Less community control