Beliefs Flashcards

Question

Theories - feminism (Eve)

Answer 1

De Beauvoir, Eve is created from Adam’s rib rather than being independent, she is tempted by the devil to disobey god which is referred to as the original sin

Answer 2

In the Church of England, women can’t become bishops In the Catholic Church, women can’t become priests Muslim women can’t be imams In most Jewish denominations, women can’t be rabbis

Answer 3

Men and women worship separately View women as unclean (menstruation seen as dirty ) Jean Holm says this reflects the view that women are unclean and further from God

Answer 4

Women are unable to succeed in religious institutions due to barriers of their promotions Vary few religions have high ranked females

Answer 5

Women are seen as Mary (pure) or Mary Magdalene (whore) Virgin whore dichotomy whereas men have a diverse range of roles

Answer 6

Armstrong argues that whilst the big religions are patriarchal they mostly replaced with women praising ideas, like nature being a woman Woodhouse argues that Islam is misinterpreted by the west, men and women separation are actually religion feminism because women see it as a choice

Answer 7

Lyotard: rejection of meta-narratives This is a big story that explains society as a whole. Postmodernity is dominated by the idea that life no longer has these easy explanations

Answer 8

"The world was created by a single God" (Christianity, Judaism etc) "Life has a single meaning"

Answer 9

Vacuum of meaning, due to symbols no longer having a fixed meaning, they actually mean nothing. Symbols need to have a collective meaning to be meaningful

Answer 10

Bryman: religions are simplified and less sacred to widen their followers (Mormons and monogamy)

Answer 11

Lyon, harvesting day crusade for people into Disneyland for free, capitalism on religion

Answer 12

Beck: late modernity allows us to pick and mix what we believe, combine ideologies even if they don’t go together

Answer 13

The reformation, radical religious changes in 15th and 16th century. Led to Protestant movements, new Christian faiths that rejected wealth and power of Catholic Church. Cause weakening of kings etc

Answer 14

Protestant movements: normally differ drastically on views for example Calvinism and quakers Calvinism- Gods continuing intervention, New Testament as historical fact, all people are sinful, traditional practices Quakers - equality of all people, non-dogmatic (allow people to believe in different things but still practice), pacifism, support for minorities

Answer 15

Because of concerns about getting into heaven Protestants invested money into their workers for example John Cadbury

Answer 16

Weber argues the Protestant ethic of not spending but reinvesting led to capitalism

Answer 17

It’s argued that capitalism has already developed in most of catholic Europe prior to reformation so it can’t be the Protestant ethic causing it

Answer 18

Weber Development of capitalism that developed with the religious reformation Before the reformation Western Europe was homogenous. 99% of people were catholic

Answer 19

When society moves from having religious values to values that aren’t religious

Answer 20

You can still be religious whilst being secular as you don’t have to let religion determine your life and behaviours towards others

Answer 21

Church attendance Opinion polling Attendance of weddings and Christenings etc

Answer 22

Level of participation in church attendance declining Declining levels of belief Less religious influence

Answer 23

Decline of religious thought: Steve Bruce says there’s a desacrelization of consciousness people no longer experience sacredness and mystery. Could be due to less trad families and social change Radicalisation: Weber says we are more scientific. Disenchantment of the world Decline in religious participation: COE 1.8mil - 1.3mil,, Muslim 0.6-1.2 Decline in religious institutions: Parsons says functions of religions are transferred to different institutions (education)

Answer 24

Davie argues we are believing but not belonging, being unchurched Voas says there is a fuzzy fatality, hold beliefs but reject churches for expression Only Christian denomination attendance is decreasing Muslim and Hindu aren’t The Kendal project - traditional religion declining but replaced with nrms, resacrelization

Answer 25

Harvey describes globalisation as a compression of space and time, due to technology world is becoming smaller as we can communicate more around the world

Answer 26

Deterritorialisation - countries don’t have religions as they’re now spread around the world Due to cultural hybridisation

Answer 27

The idea of the Muslim world is no longer helpful since Muslims are found everywhere This has led to ummah, a global community of Muslims

Answer 28

Pick and mix, we can choose a faith that fits us and merge religious ideas even if they don’t typically fit together. Rather than what our parents follow

Answer 29

Globalisation has caused less religious freedom this is because many countries restrict religious minorities in order to protect the main religion

Answer 30

Globalisation has caused a return to traditionalism, use religion to strengthen their weakening identity

Answer 31

Huntingdon, since end of Cold War between capitalist Western Europe/ US and communist Eastern Europe, the biggest conflicts are now between cultures. Globalisation allows contact and conflict to be caused

Answer 32

Huntingdon forgets to mention conflicts within cultures There has also been conflict between religions for ages not just since globalisation (for example in Northern Ireland between catholics and Protestants within the same culture and society)

Answer 33

83% women compared to 79% men identify with faith group Men twice as likely to believe God doesn’t exist 54% men atheist/agnostic compared to 34% women

Answer 34

Push factors: Holm and Bowker, radical Islam and charismatic Christian’s push for trad roles Barrett: Rastafarianism expects trad gender roles

Answer 35

Risk taking - Miller and Hoffman, men are more likely to take risks than women so don’t need the security of religion as they’re willing to risk not going to heaven Closer to life and death - Davie, women have children and are more likely to be in caring roles Moral life of family - Halman and Draulans say they are the guardians of family life Women experience more deprivation - Glock and Stark, women struggle more cause of patriarchy, less financial control

Answer 36

Christianity most popular with white people Hindus and Sikhs are mostly Indian Pentecostal churches mostly African and African Caribbean Only 32% of Christian’s report regular practice compared to 80% Muslims and 2/3 Hindus Black Christian’s are 3 times more likely to attend church

Answer 37

Cultural transition, religion could help immigrants through a cultural transition trying to fit into a culture different than their own

Answer 38

1) greater levels of religiosity in countries of origin 2) religious group providing community and identity 3) maintaining cultural identity and tradition 4) religious socialisation, pressured to follow their parents 5) a way to deal with oppression

Answer 39

Important for ethnic minorities, as a source of socialisation. Maintains traditional morality such as trust and right or wrong

Answer 40

African Caribbean in Pentecostal churches, emphasised importance of family and community and offer practical support