Work, Leisure and Media Flashcards
What has happened to devoted time to leisure activities over the last 50 years?
There has been an increase in leisure activity
What are the three main patterns in adolescent’s free time in contemporary society?
- Well-rounded adolescents with
substantial time commitments across many different activities - Adolescents who tend to focus on one type of activity
- Adolescents who do not do much
outside of school - Studies of extracurricular participation generally find that there are large numbers of students who participate in multiple activities, large numbers who participate only in sports, and large numbers who are nonparticipants.
Boys are mainly sports only, girls do multiple acitivies
What does the rise and fall of the student worker mean?
- Before 1925, most teenagers, except for the affluent, entered the workforce full-time by 15 years of age
- Adolescents were either students or workers, not both
What were the compulsory education laws and child labor laws?
- Required students to stay in school until age 16
- Restricted adolescents’ work opportunities
What percentage of high school students worked during the school year by 1940?
~ 3%
What happened by the 1970s to the American high school students with part time jobs?
- The proportion of American high school students with part-time jobs rose due to the growth of retail and service sectors of the economy
- Teenagers were called upon to fill these positions
- They worked for relatively low wages and short work shifts
What are the recent trends in adolescent work?
It is decreasing
Why is adolescent work decreasing?
- About 30 years ago, educational reformers began calling for tougher standards in high schools
- Students began taking harder classes with more homework to prepare for college
- The recession in the early 2000s resulted in unemployed adults being hired over teenagers
- Immigration brought many willing and able adults to the United States
- Growth of new technologies expanded potential leisure activities for teens
True or False: Student employment in other industrialized countries varies widely
TRUE
What are the 3 broad questions about the effects of adolescent work?
- Whether working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility
- Whether working interferes with other activities, such as school
- Whether working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such
as drug and alcohol use
Does having a job help with the responsibility?
- Little research supports the popular view that holding a job makes adolescents more responsible
- Some data indicate high rates of misconduct on the job
True or False: People’s recollection is more negative regarding learned skills on jobs than research supports?
FALSE.
People’s recollections are more positive regarding learned skills than research supports: most jobs are menial
What is one positive effect that having a job has on responsibility?
Money management
What is the effect that having a job has on psychological development?
The impact depends on the job
Is there an issue with adolescents having a job and schooling?
Yes.
The issue is how many hours an adolescent works, not whether an
adolescent has a job
Why is having a job where you work many hours an issue for an adolescent’s schooling?
- Students working long hours are more likely to be absent from school, less likely to participate in extracurriculars, report enjoying school less, spend less time on homework, and earn slightly lower grades
- Intensive part-time employment may even increase the likelihood of dropping out of school
How many hours per week can an adolescent work without it having adverse effects on their schooling?
20 hours a week
Does working deter teens from delinquent activity?
NO. Working does not deter teens from delinquent activity
What is working long hours associated with?
- Working long hours may actually be associated with increases in
aggression, school misconduct, precocious sexual activity, and minor delinquency - However, correlation is NOT causation - There are a variety of possible explanations, including greater exposure to drug and alcohol use
Are there possible benefits of working as a poor youth?
- Some research has found special benefits of employment for inner-city adolescents from single-parent families, from poor families, with poor school records, or with histories of delinquency
- Some other research has found similar detrimental effects for both inner-city youth and middle-class teenagers – it depends on both the job and what you’re measuring
Is the age when adolescents start working important?
Yes, the age they begin matters
Does working as a teenager contribute to psychosocial development?
There is ultimately little evidence, except potentially for inner-city youth, that working as a teenager contributes significantly to psychosocial development…
What doe adolescents in the US spend nearly half of their waking hours doing?
They spend nearly half of their waking
hours in leisure activities
True or False: Teen report being in a worse mood during leisure activities than during school or work
FALSE.
Teens report being in a better mood during leisure activities than
during school or work
Why is it difficult to study adolescents’ moods?
- Individuals’ emotions change throughout the day
- Their mood at a particular point may not reflect their mood at other times
What is a method of collecting data about adolescents’s emotional states?
Experience Sampling Method (ESM)
What is the Experience Sampling Method?
A method of collecting data about adolescents’ emotional states, in which individuals are signaled and asked to report on their mood and activity
How are adolescents’ moods throughout the day according to the experience sampling method?
- Adolescent moods are most positive when with friends, least positive when alone
- On average, when in school they report moderate levels of concentration and very low levels of motivation or
interest
How many American high school students participate in one or more extracurriculars?
Two-thirds of American high students
What is the most popular extracurricular activity in the United States
Athletics
What are some of the other popular extracurricular activities in the United States?
- Music (band, chorus, orchestra, glee club)
- Academic or occupational (science club, language clubs, certain careers)
When is extracurricular participation more common?
Extracurricular participation is more common among adolescents from more affluent families, among students who earn better grades, and among students from smaller schools and smaller, more rural communities
Is extracurricular participation stable over time?
Yes, it is stable over time
What is the impact of extracurricular participation on development?
- It improves students’ performance in school, increases the odds of college
enrollment, and reduces the likelihood of dropping out - It deters delinquency, drug use, and other types of risk-taking`
- It enhances students’ psychological well-being and social status
What is the impact of involvement in team sports on development?
The one exception is involvement in team sports, which is associated with many psychological benefits, but also with increased alcohol use, delinquency and potential for physical injury
Does extracurricular overscheduling have negative effects?
There is no empirical support for the idea that extracurricular overscheduling has
negative effects
What are three reasons for the positive impact of extracurricular participation?
- Increased contact with teachers and other school personnel who may reinforce the value of school
- Increased contact with peers who influence them in beneficial ways
- Increased bonding between students and school
What are the reasons for negative outcomes from certain sports?
- Involvement in problem behavior, fighting, delinquency
- More antisocial behavior
- Injuries
- Increased anxiety and tension due to highly competitive atmosphere
What is the routine activity theory?
A perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior
What does unstructured, unsupervised time with peers lead to?
Unstructured, unsupervised time
with peers leads to depression,
delinquency, drug and alcohol
use, violence, and precocious
sexual activity
What happens to adolescents who spend five or more evenings out in an average week?
Adolescents who spend five or more evenings out in an average week are at least four times more likely to be involved in antisocial activity than those who go out less than twice a week
True or False: There has been a substantial increase in the number of evenings teenagers go out each week?\
FALSE.
There has been a substantial decline in the number of evenings teenagers go out
each week…
True or False: Self-care children and their peers do not differ in psychological development, school achievement, or self-conceptions
TRUE
True or False: self-care children may be more socially isolated, more depressed, more likely to have problems at school, be sexually active at younger ages, engage in other problem behavior, and use more drugs and alcohol
TRUE
When do most adolescent arrests happen? And why?
More arrests occur during school afternoons than at any other time,
presumably because this is the time when adolescents are least likely to be
supervised.
What is the positive youth development?
The goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter problematic development
What do well-designed programs for adolescent problem behaviors do?
Well-designed programs deter problem behavior with adult supervision.
What are the Five C’s of Positive Youth Development?
Competence
Confidence
Connection
Character
Caring/Compassion
What is competence in the Five C’s of Positive Youth Development?
A positive view of one’s actions in domain-specific areas, including social, academic, cognitive, and vocational.
Social competence pertains to interpersonal skills (e.g., conflict resolution).
Cognitive competence pertains to cognitive abilities (e.g., decision making).
School grades, attendance, and test scores are part of academic competence.
Vocational competence involves work habits and career choice explorations
What is confidence in the Five C’s of Positive Youth Development?
An internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; one’s global self-
regard, as opposed to domain-specific beliefs
What is connection in the Five C’s of Positive Youth Development?
Positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges between the individual and peers, family, school, and community in which both parties contribute to the relationship.
What is character in the Five C’s of Positive Youth Development?
Respect for societal and cultural rules, possession of standards for correct behaviors, a sense of right and wrong (morality), and integrity
What is caring/compassion in the Five C’s of Positive Youth Development?
A sense of sympathy and empathy for others.
What do successful programs have participants doing?
- Volunteer their commitment
- Are placed in demanding roles
- Are encouraged to meet high expectations
- Are expected to take responsibility for their behavior
- Are helped to understand the consequences of failing to fulfill their obligations
- Stick with their job
- Persevere and derive a sense of accomplishment from success
How many televisions do American households have?
- All American households have at least one television
True or False: Computers and Internet access are present in virtually all homes
TRUE
How many American teens go online daily?
More than 90 percent of American teens go online daily, and 25 percent report being online “almost constantly”
How many adolescents have their own smartphones?
3/4 of adolescents have their own smartphone
How long do adolescents spend per day on media?
The average adolescent spends 9 hours per day using media
- Internet use has increase enormously over the last decade
What is particularly likely to be associated with compulsive internet use?
Online gaming
True or False: The effects of Internet use are much larger than claimed
FALSE.
The effects of Internet use—positive or negative—are much smaller than claimed
What are the theories of media influence and use?
- Cultivation theory
- Uses and gratifications approach
- Media practice model
What is cultivation theory?
A perspective on media use that argues that adolescents are influenced by the content to which they are exposed, with respect to their knowledge about the world, their attitudes and values, and their behaviors
What is the uses and gratifications approach?
A perspective on media use that
emphasizes the active role users play in selecting the media to which they are exposed – the “chicken or the egg question”
What is the media practice model?
A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact
What is correlation?
The extent to which two things vary systematically with each other
What is causation?
The correlation between two things
attributable to the effect one thing has on the other
What is reverse causation?
Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due not to the first thing causing the second, but to the second causing the first
Drinking beer -> Watching beer commercials
What is spurious causation?
Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with some third factor
Liking football -> Watching beer commercials and drinking beer
What is the only sure way to demonstrate cause and effect of media influence?
The only sure way to demonstrate cause and effect of media influence is to conduct an experiment in which people are randomly assigned to be (or not be) exposed to the medium to see how it affects them
