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Adolescence > The Impact of Puberty > Flashcards

The Impact of Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different ways to study the impact of puberty?

A
  • Cross-sectional design
  • Longitudinal design
  • Cross-Sequential design
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2
Q

What is a Cross-sectional design?

A

Compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time to ask questions about Group Differences

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3
Q

What are the advantages of a Cross-sectional design?

A

Can identify differences related to sex, age, or period studied

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of a Cross-sectional design?

A
  • Provides no information about individuals
  • No understanding of change over time
  • Can’t examine Cohort Effects: the effects of being born in a certain time, having the same experiences, etc.
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5
Q

What is a Longitudinal Design?

A

Studies the same individuals repeatedly over time to ask questions about changes in individuals over time

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6
Q

What are the advantages of a Longitudinal Design?

A
  • Can examine changes within an individual over time
  • Can give a glimpse of development
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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of a Longitudinal Design?

A
  • Expensive
  • Time-consuming
  • Participant Attrition
  • Practice Effects are possible
  • Can’t examine Cohort Effects
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8
Q

What is a Cross Sequential Design?

A

Studies two or more groups of individuals over time to ask questions about group differences over time

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9
Q

What are the advantages of a Cross Sequential Design?

A

Can examine change within Individuals over time (Longitudinal)
Can examine group changes at same point in time (Cross-sectional)
Can examine Cohort Effects

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of a Cross Sequential Design?

A
  • Expensive
  • Time-consuming
  • Practice effects are possible
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11
Q

True or False: There has been a steady decline in the age at onset of puberty over time
And what kind of development is this known as?

A

True; Secular Trend

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12
Q

What is the current state of puberty?

A

Puberty is starting a lot earlier for boys and girls now than it did a hundred years ago

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13
Q

How does the current state of puberty pose a significant health consequences for girls?

A

The end of puberty has leveled off somewhat, but the beginning of puberty (i.e. adrenarche) is still getting earlier, especially for girls

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14
Q

Along with the physical changes, what else does puberty affect in the social, behavioral and psychological processes?

A
  • Self-esteem
  • Mood
  • Relationships with parents
  • Sleep behavior
  • Physical activity
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15
Q

True or False: Adolescents are not aware of whether they are early or late relative to classmates

A

False; they are aware

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16
Q

True or False: Their feelings about themselves are not influenced by comparisons to their peers

A

False: they are influenced

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17
Q

Early maturers are likely to be “pseudomature”. What is Pseudomaturity?

A

wishing they were older, hanging out with older peers, engaging in “older” patterns of behavior)

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18
Q

How does perception play in maturity?

A

Perception of being an early or late maturer is more important in affecting one’s feelings than the reality
Thus, behavior is more closely related to how old the adolescent feels, not necessarily how physically mature they are

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19
Q

How does early onset vs late onset of maturation affect girls?

A

Early maturing girls have more difficulties than late onset females

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20
Q

What are some of the issues faced by early onset of maturation in girls?

A
  • Poorer self-image
  • Higsher rates of depression, eating disorders, and panic attacks
  • More often victims of rumors, gossip, and sexual harassment
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21
Q

How does early onset vs late onset of maturation affect boys?

A
  • Increased popularity
  • Better self-esteem
22
Q

What are some common issues associated with early maturation of boys?

A
  • More drug and alcohol use, delinquency, precocious sexual activity
  • Greater impact of victimization/being bullied
  • Possibly elevated rates of depression and anxiety
  • More intense temper tantrums and depression during puberty
23
Q

How does early maturation affect parental supervision?

A
  • Adolescents who are more physically mature are less closely supervised by adults.
  • This probably contributes to spending more time spent hanging out with peers in settings in which delinquent behavior is more likely to occur and may be increasing risky behavior
24
Q

What are the two different explanations for why early onset puberty tends to lead to more problems than later onset?

A
  • The Maturational Deviance Hypothesis
  • The Developmental Readiness Hypothesis
25
Q

What is The Maturational Deviance Hypothesis?

A

posits that adolescents who develop either earlier or later relative to peers experience psychological distress and manifest behavior problems (Petersen & Taylor, 1980).

26
Q

What is The Developmental Readiness Hypothesis?

A

posits that early maturing adolescents are at highest risk for psychological and behavioral problems because they are not emotionally or cognitively ready for the major physiological, social, and emotional changes comprising puberty (e.g., Ge et al., 2002).

27
Q

True or False: Adolescents demonstrate more fluctuations in mood throughout the day than adults

A

True

28
Q

How do Hormones play a role in adolescent moodiness?

A
  • Hormones have the biggest impact early in puberty, likely when the HPG is really turning “on”
  • It’s the extreme fluctuations, rather than absolute level, that seem to have the most impact
29
Q

What is the greatest influencing factor in adolescent moodiness?

A

Greatly influenced by environmental factors, such as shifts contexts (seeing a friend, doing homework, etc.)

30
Q

True or False: During puberty, the hormonal changes lead to shifts in the secretion of melatonin?

A

True

31
Q

What are the sleep patterns of adolescents going through puberty?

A
  • Many teenagers go to bed late in the evening and sleep late in the morning
  • Delayed phase preference: A pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty
32
Q

What environmental factors play a part in the sleep patters of adolescents?

A

Internet, television, electronic media, etc

33
Q

Sleep deprivation contributes to what issues?

A
  • Depression
  • Alcohol, tobacco, illicit drug use
  • Obesity
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Delinquency
34
Q

What other factors can contribute to sleep deprivation?

A
  • Trying to catch up on weekends contributes to problems
  • Early school schedule contributes to sleep deprivation
35
Q

What drops by about 15% during adolescence?

A

Basal metabolic rate

36
Q

What are some concerns with weight gain during puberty?

A
  • Physical activity also decreases following puberty
  • Combined with the normal weight gain associated with puberty (fat and muscle), this leads to significant concern among both boys and girls
37
Q

What are some statistics of the national Obesity epidemic?

A
  • Nearly 14% of U.S. adolescents are obese and another 16% are overweight according to the body mass index
  • By some estimates, the adolescent obesity epidemic will cost the U.S. more than $250 billion
38
Q

What are some statistics of body dissatisfaction in adolescence

A
  • Only 1/4 of American adolescents are highly satisfied with their bodies
  • Over 1/2 of adolescent girls consider themselves overweight and ~70% of girls with a healthy BMI want to be smaller!
39
Q

True or False: Body dissatisfaction can lead to changes in food-related behaviors

A

True

40
Q

What are some statistics when it comes to disordered eating?

A
  • Meta-analytic evidence (32 studies comprising large samples from 16 developed countries; N = 63,181) suggests that ~22% of children and adolescents have disordered eating!
  • It was more common in girls than boys (30% vs. 17%)
41
Q

True or False: Disordered eating becomes less common with age

A

False; becomes more common

42
Q

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A

An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss

43
Q

What is Bulimia?

A

An eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures, including self-induced vomiting

44
Q

What is Binge Eating Disorder?

A

An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight

45
Q

What are some statistics of eating disorders in terms of percentage of development?

A
  • 1% of women develop anorexia; 1.5% of women develop bulimia; 3.5% of women develop binge eating disorder
  • Bulimia and anorexia are 3 times more common in females than in males
46
Q

What are some factors that could contribute to the development of an eating disorder?

A
  • Behavioral
  • Biological
  • Emotional
  • Psychological
  • Interpersonal
  • Social
47
Q

Why or how do eating disorders develop?

A
  • People with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming
  • Dieting, bingeing, and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and to feel in control
  • Ultimately, these behaviors damage a person’s physical and emotional health, self–esteem, and sense of competence and control
48
Q

What are some statistics of eating disorders in terms of effects?

A
  • 20% suffer long-term, irreversible consequences that can affect fertility, cardiovascular health, brain function, etc.
  • Only 50% completely recover
  • 6% of serious cases die as a direct result of their eating disorder
49
Q

At what age do eating disorders usually begin?

A

Between 18 and 21

50
Q

What are some statistics of eating disorders and college life?

A
  • A nationally representative survey found that freshmen gain between 2.5 and 3.5 lbs. on average - only 0.5 lbs. more than same age peers that don’t attend college (Zagorsky, 2011)
  • 35% of them will progress to pathological dieting and of those, 20% will progress to an eating disorder

Adolescence (11 decks)

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