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NEBOSH Diploma > Work Equipment (General) > Flashcards

Work Equipment (General) Flashcards

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1
Q

PUWER 1998

A

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations

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2
Q

Reg 4 (1) PUWER

A

Requires every employer (or self-employed) person to ensure work equipment provided for use at work is so constructed or adapted as to be suitable for the purpose for which it is used or provided

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3
Q

Definition of Work Equipment

A

Any machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or installation for use at work.
Extremely wide scope and covers almost any equipment used at work

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4
Q

Motor vehicles under PUWER

A

Any motor vehicle not privately owned is included under PUWER, however more specific road traffic legislation takes precedence.

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5
Q

Definition of Use under PUWER

A

Starting, stopping, programming, setting, transporting, repairing. modifying, maintaining, servicing or cleaning

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6
Q

3 aspects to consider for suitability and safety of work equipment

A

1) Initial integrity
2) the place it will be used
3) the purpose for which it will be used

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7
Q

Ergonomics

A

Employers must consider ergonomic risks of work equipment

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8
Q

Ergonomic principles to take into account

A

Allowing for variability in the operators physical dimensions

Providing enough space for movements

Avoiding a machine-determined work rate

Avoiding monitoring requiring lengthy concentration

Adapting the man/machinery interface to the characteristics of the operative

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9
Q

Effective work equipment controls

A

Accessible
Identifiable
Usable

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10
Q

Regs 14 - 18 PUWER

A

Deals with controls and control systems

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11
Q

Equipment controls

A

Located in a safe position and easy to identify and understand the effect it has and what equipment it effects

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12
Q

Stop Controls

A

Should bring equipment to a safe condition in a safe manner and take priority over operating or start controls

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13
Q

Emergency stop controls

A

Provided at control points and other appropriate locations to enable action to be taken quickly

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14
Q

EHSRs

A

Essential Health and Safety Requirements for controls

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15
Q

Reducing the need for access

A

Need for access for operators and maintainers should where possible be designed out before manufacture by automation or remote systems

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16
Q

Anthropometric guard design

A

Guards designed and constructed to prevent any part of the body from reaching the danger zone

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17
Q

Openings in guards

A

Should be sufficient distance to prevent the person reaching the hazard

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18
Q

Testing effectiveness of guard openings

A

Carry out a reach test with the machinery at rest and in a safe condition

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19
Q

Barriers

A

Where guards are not practicable barriers can be used to prevent people reaching the danger zone

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20
Q

Calculation of safety distance measurements required for barriers

A 
Height of Danger Zone (a)
Height of protective structure (b)
Horizontal distance (c)
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21
Q

Recommended height of perimeter fencing for barrier

A

1.8m

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22
Q

Risk Assessment under PUWER

A

No specific requirement however implied and referenced under several of the regulations (4,6,7,11,12)

Identify Hazards
Consider who may be harmed
Evaluate the Risk
Ensure the adequacy of control

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23
Q

Initial Integrity

A

When work equipment is first provided for use it meets certain essential H&S requirements.

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24
Q

Location and purpose of use

A

Employees must not be put at any additional risk as a result of using the equipment in a particular location and/or for a particular purpose.
Employer must assess the risks associated with location and purpose of use to ensure no additional danger is posed
Equipment should only be used for tasks it was intended for.

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25
Q

Ensuring equipment is Suitable

A

Employer has to foresee any likely problems that might arise which could affect H&S of operators while they are using the equipment and address them.

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26
Q

Installation where safe operation is critically dependant

A

Must be properly installed by competent person

Competent person must carry out suitable inspection before use

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27
Q

Deterioration of work equipment

A

Wear and tear or the effects of damp or corrosive atmosphere could lead to significant risk to operator. Periodic suitable inspections should be arranged.

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28
Q

Exceptional circumstances which may result in need for inspection

A

Major modifications, refurbs or major repair work

Known or suspected serious damage

Substantial change in nature of use

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29
Q

Protection against specific hazard under PUWER

A 
Material falling from equipment
Material held in equipment being thrown out
Parts breaking off
Parts coming apart
Overheating or fire
Explosion of equipment
Explosion of substances in the equipment
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30
Q

Risk control hierarchy - PUWER

A

Eliminating Risks
Taking ‘hardware’ (physical) measures
Taking ‘software’ (management) measures

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31
Q

Absolute duty under PUWER for Maintenance

A

Maintain work equipment in and efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.
Efficient relates to how it might effect H&S not productivity.

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32
Q

MTBF

A

Mean Time Between Failures - failure incidence

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33
Q

MTTR

A

Mean Time To Repair - Reducing downtime after failure

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34
Q

Why are Maintenance Strategies required?

A

To reduce the likelihood of ‘chance failures’ and to replace components before ‘ware out failures’ occur

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35
Q

Maintenance Methodologies

A

Breakdown

Planned Preventative

Condition Based

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36
Q

Breakdown Maintenance

A

Practice to restore defective or damaged equipment to full operational capability and reliability and ‘as built’ condition.

Cannot be scheduled,

Only appropriate if the failure does not present an immediate risk.

Should not form the basis of a maintenance policy or be the major percentage of the maintenance workload

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37
Q

Planned Preventative Maintenance

A

Lubrication, oil changes, parts replacement, adjustments, alignments, cleaning etc.

Scheduled at pre-determined intervals.

Can reduce unexpected failures but can be expensive as it is often carried out without regard to equipment condition

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38
Q

Condition Monitoring

A

Effective to diagnose the symptoms of impending failures.
Can include sampling and analysis, vibration monitoring, Non-Destructive techniques and electrical testing.

The availability of trend analysis can help reduce the number of breakdowns.

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39
Q

Inspection Reg 6 PUWER

A

Every employer to ensure that, where the safety of work equipment depends on the installation conditions, it is inspected to ensure it has been installed correctly and is safe to operate

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40
Q

Inspection regimes are required for what equipment?

A

Fairground Rides

Machinery where the danger zone is approached during operation

Complex automated equipment

Integrated production lines

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41
Q

Purpose of an Inspection

A

To identify whether the equipment can be operated, adjusted and maintained safely and that any deterioration can be detected before it creates unacceptable risks

42
Q

Examples of Inspection

A

Quick checks before use

Weekly checks

More extensive examinations (every few months or longer)

43
Q

Who decides the need for any testing?

A

The competent person, they also determine the nature of the inspection

44
Q

Functional Testing of Safety-related parts

A

Includes:

Guard and protective devices
Brakes and lights
Emergency stop controls

45
Q

Safe Maintenance Operations

A

Duty under Reg 22 to ensure that maintenance operations can be carried out (SFARP) without risk to health and safety.

46
Q

Material Failure

A

When a material becomes unable to do the function it was originally intended or designed for

47
Q

Primary causes of Material Failure

A

Operating Loads - stress, impact and frictional loading

Environmental conditions - Corrosive, high temp, high energy

48
Q

Stress and Strain - Materials

A

Stress - Relationship between applied force and the area over which it acts

Strain - Measurement of change in the shape of the material/object as a result of the application of force

49
Q

Material stress formula

A

Stress = Force / Area

50
Q

Material strain formula

A

Strain = Change in length (extension) / Original length

51
Q

Common failure modes

A

Fatigue

Ductile Failure

Brittle Fracture

Buckling

Corrosive Failure

52
Q

Failure mode - Fatigue

A

Extremely common.
Occurs when a material fractures into 2 or more pieces after being subjected to a cyclic stress (fluctuating load) over a period of time.
Metals and polymers are typically susceptible to fatigue failure whilst ceramics are more resistant.

53
Q

3 stages of Fatigue Failure mechanism

A

Crack initiation

Crack propagation

Material rupture

54
Q

Failure mode - Ductile Failure

A

Ductile materials will elastically or plastically strain to accommodate the load and absorb energy. When the load is too much they can no longer return to its original shape and size, and then can lead to ductile fracture

55
Q

Failure mode - Brittle Failure

A

Brittle facture occurs when mechanical loads exceed a materials ultimate tensile strength causing it to fracture into 2 or more parts, without undergoing any significant plastic deformation or strain failure.

Naturally brittle materials include glass and ceramics

56
Q

Failure mode - Buckling

A

Occurs when a material subjected to compressive or torsional stress can no longer support the load and it fails by bulging, kinking, bowing etc..

Depends on the shape and dimensions of the material not it’s strength or hardness.

More likely to occur at higher temperatures

57
Q

Failure mode - Corrosion

A

Metal or alloy deteriorates due to chemical or electrochemical reaction.

58
Q

Uniform/General Corrosion

A

Corrosive attack over large surface area resulting in thinning of the material until failure occurs

59
Q

Galvanic Corrosion

A

Occurs when 2 dissimilar metals are electrically connected. This results in increased rate of oxidation leading to surface corrosion in the areas they connected.

60
Q

Non-Destructive Testing

A

Detection and evaluation of flaws in materials which could lead to loss of strength or failure in service of a material or structure

Form of condition monitoring.

Range of test processes which produce no harmful effects on the material being tested

61
Q

NDT is important in

A

Quality Control
Assessing Plant Life
Assuring on-going safe operation

62
Q

NDT - Simple Visual Inspection

A

Examination of surfaces can reveal many flaws. Can be done by sight or using microscopes or borescopes.
Can be filmed and recorded.
Cost increases with magnification and equipment needed

63
Q

NDT - Dye Penetrant Techniques

A

Simple low cost method to detect surface breaking flaws (cracks etc.)
Unsuitable for rough or dirty surfaces.
Advantages - Speed, low cost, large area coverage
Dye is placed on the surface and then checked under UV light so the cracks can be detected

64
Q

NDT - Radiography

A

X-rays or Gamma rays to inspect the item for flaws.

Can use x-ray machine which is less exposure to radiation but more expensive and less portable

or

Gamma pellet which is cheaper and more portable but can lead to more exposure.

65
Q

NDT - Acoustic Methods

A

depends on exciting vibrations in a specimen by impact and measuring the vibrations against resonant frequency or decay over time.

Resonant inspection - Allows an entire component to be inspected in one test which will identify defects

Acoustic Ranging - Directs a burst of energy towards and acoustically reflect target object. The time it takes the echo to return is measured

66
Q

NDT - Acoustic Emission Testing

A

Detects transient electric waves produced by sudden redistribution of stress in material

67
Q

NDT - Ultrasonic Methods

A

Use beams short wavelength and high frequency mechanical waves transmitted from a small probe and detected by the same or other probes
Detects internal hidden deformities below the surface

68
Q

NDT - Eddy Current Testing

A

Places a coil carrying an AC current close to the specimen surface. The current in the coil generates circulating eddy currents close to the specimen surface which affect the current in the coil by mutual induction.

69
Q

NDT - Magnetic Particle Inspection

A

Used for detection of surface or near surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials for crack detection.
Specimen is magnetised and fine iron particles are applied. They accumulate in regions of flaws

70
Q

Competence

A

Ability to perform activities within an occupation or function to the standards expected in employment.
Competence assessment is necessary to ensure a person can perform to the required standard.

71
Q

Competence definition in MHSWR Reg 7

A

A person shall be recognised at competent where he has sufficient training, experience or knowledge and other qualities to enable him to properly assist in undertaking the measures referred to.

72
Q

Regulation 9 of PUWER re Training

A

All persons who use work equipment have received adequate training for the purposes of H&S including:
Training in methods which may be adopted
Any risks
The precautions
Any employees who supervise or manage the used of work equipment also receives training as above

73
Q

Adequate Training

A

Evaluate existing competence
Evaluate competence required
Train to make up any shortfall

74
Q

Training needs assessment

A

On recruitment
If risks exposed to change
New equipment or technology is introduced
System of work changes

75
Q

Refresher Training

A

Necessary to protect against the natural decline in skills not used regularly

76
Q

Training for Young People

A

Particularly important because of relative immaturity and unfamiliarity with the working environment

77
Q

Training for Managers / Supervisors

A

Same as operator.

Includes risks posed and any preventative or protective measures in place to safeguard the operator.

78
Q

Specific types of Hazardous Work Equipment under the syllabus with specific training needs

A 
Chainsaws
Power presses
Woodworking machines
Abrasive wheels
Self-propelled work equipment
79
Q

Specific Training needs - Chainsaws

A

Must attend a LANTRA approved training course and receive a National Proficiency Test Council certificate of competence

80
Q

Specific Training needs - Power Presses

A

Must be an appointed person to undertake daily inspection and tests

Designated persons who are responsible for setting, resetting, adjustment or trying out tools on a power press or who install or adjust guards

Managers and supervisors

81
Q

Specific Training needs - Woodworking Machines

A

Training should be provided for not only operators but those who assist in the process, such as those taking off, feeding and loading work pieces. Also for those who clean and maintain the machinery. Must include:

General Instruction on safety skills and knowledge common to woodworking processes

Machine specific instruction, including dangers arising from the machine and caused of accidents and safe working practices

Familiarisation through on job training under close supervision

82
Q

Competence for Woodworking Machines

A

Demonstrated when safe working practices are consistently used when working at the machine.
When deemed competent the worker should be authorised in writing by a responsible person

83
Q

Authorisation for Woodworking Machines

A

Given when the responsible person is satisfied the operator is sufficiently trained and competent and has demonstrated safe working practices.
Should list the machines and operations which are being authorised, and should make clear other machines should not be used until authorisation is given.

84
Q

Specific Training needs - Abrasive Wheels

A 
Covers:
Hazards and risks arising from use
Methods of marking abrasive wheels 
How to store, handle and transport
How to inspect and test
Functions of all components used
How to assemble correctly
Proper method of dressing an abrasive wheel
Correct adjustment of the work rest
Suitable use of PPE
85
Q

Specific Training needs - Self-propelled Work Equipment

A

Generally means driver operated powered mobile work equipment but can included remote controlled.

Should only be driven by workers who have received appropriate training in the safe driving of the equipment.

86
Q

3 stages of training for Rider Operated Lift Trucks

A

Basic Training
Specific Job Training
Familiarisation Training

87
Q

Information and Warnings - Regulations

A

Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008

88
Q

Information as per Supply of Machinery Regs

A

Before machinery is placed on the market or put into service the responsible person must provide in particular information necessary to operate it safely, such as instructions

89
Q

Info and Warnings on Machinery

A

Should preferably be easily understandable symbols or pictograms. Must be unambiguous and easy to understand.

90
Q

Pressure System Definition

A

a) System with one or more pressure vessels or rigid construction and any associated pipework and protective devices
b) The pipework with its protective devices which a transportable pressure receptacle is connected
c) A pipeline and its protective devices

91
Q

Pipework definition

A

A pipe or system of pipes together with associated valves, pumps and compressors and other pressure containing components but does not include pipeline or any protective devices

92
Q

Pipeline definition

A

A pipe or system of pipes used to move relevant fluid across the boundaries of a premises

93
Q

Protective devices definition

A

Devices designed to protect the pressure system against system failure, or devices designed to give warning failure might occur

94
Q

Relevant fluid definition

A
  • Steam
  • Any fluid or mixture of fluids which is at pressure greater than 0.5bar above atmospheric pressure and which is a gas or a liquid which would have a vapour pressure greater than 0.5bar above atmospheric pressure
  • A gas dissolved under pressure in a solvent
95
Q

Vessel definition

A

A housing designed to contain fluids under pressure, including its direct attachments.
A vessel may comprise of more than one chamber

96
Q

Regulations covering Pressure Systems

A

Pressure Systems Safety Regs 2000 (PSSR)

97
Q

WSE

A

Written Scheme of Examination

98
Q

Purpose of WSE

A

Specifies the nature and frequency of inspection of the following system parts:
All protective devices
Every pressure vessel and every pipeline in which a defect may give rise to danger
Those parts of the pipework in which a defect may give rise to danger

99
Q

Definition of Examination of Pressure System

A

Careful scrutiny of a pressure system or part of a pressure system, in or out of service as appropriate using suitable techniques, including testing where appropriate

100
Q

Frequency of Examination

A

Carried out at an early stage to identify any deterioration or malfunction.
Protective devices should be examined at the same frequency as the plant they are fitted to

101
Q

Failure of Pressure Vessels

A 
Overpressure 
Over Temperature
Excessive Stress
Abnormal External Loading
Mechanical Fatigue and Shock
Thermal Fatigue and Shock
Brittle Fracture
Creep
Hydrogen Attack
Corrosion
102
Q

Information that must be marked on a pressure vessel

A 
Manufacturers name
Serial number
Date of manufacture
Standard to which is was constructed
Min and Max allowable pressures
Design temperature
CE mark should also be affixed

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