Work Design & Measurement (PRE FI 2)

Question 1

What is Work Design and Measurement?

Answer 1

Focuses on the content, organization, and characteristics of
● work tasks
● activities
● relationships
● responsibilities

Question 2

Parameters of Work Design

Answer 2

● Temperature and Humidity
● Ventilation
● Illumination
● Noise and Vibrations
● Work Time and Work Breaks
● Occupational Health
● Safety
● Ethics

Question 3

should be taken into account and should be within the comfort
band to maximize productivity.

Answer 3

Temperature and humidity

Question 4

Unpleasant and noxious odours can be distracting and can affect productivity.

Answer 4

Ventilation

Question 5

Depends on the type of work being done. Higher detailed works require more illumination.
Other considerations would include
■ Glare
■ Contrast

Answer 5

Illumination

Question 6

Noise can be annoying or distracting which can lead to either errors or accidents.

Answer 6

Noise and Vibrations

Question 7

Reasonable hours can provide a sense of freedom and control over one’s work

Answer 7

Work Time and Work Breaks

Question 8

Long work intervals tend to generate boredom and fatiuge, wherein productivity and quality can deteriorate.

Answer 8

Work Time and Work Breaks

Question 9

Workers in good health contribute to productivity and minimizes health care costs and
enhances worker’s sense of well being.

Answer 9

Occupational Heath

Question 10

Affects operation through work methods, working conditions, and employee safety

Answer 10

Ethical Issues

Question 11

Compensation Based on time and employee has worked during a pay period.

Answer 11

Time-Based System

Question 12

The most widely used compensation system

Answer 12

Time-Based System

Question 13

Compensation based on the amount of output an employee produces during a pay period

Answer 13

Output-Based System

Question 14

Compensation

Answer 14

● Individual Incentive Plans
● Group Incentive Plans
● Knowledge-Based Pay Systems

Question 15

A pay system used by organizations to reward workers who undergo training that increases
their skills.

Answer 15

Knowledge-Based Pay Systems

Question 16

Work that concentrates on a limited scope.

Answer 16

Work Specialization
○ Engineers
○ Doctors
○ Lawyers
○ Professors

Question 17

Concentrates work and makes workers proficient at that type of work.

Answer 17

Work Specialization

Question 18

Yields high productivity and relatively low unit costs.

Answer 18

Work Specialization

Question 19

Advantages of Work Specialization:

Answer 19

(For Management):
- simplifies training
- high productivity
- low wage costs

(For Employees):
- low education and skill requirements
- minimum responsibilities
- little mental effort needed

Question 20

Disadvantages of Work Specialization:

Answer 20

(For Management):
- difficult to motivate quality
- worker dissatisfication, possibly resulting in absenteeism, high turnover, disruptive tactics, poor attention to quality

(For Employees):
- monotonous work
- limited opportunities for advancement
- little control over work
- little opportunity for self- fulfillment

Question 21

Behavioral Approaches to Work Design

Answer 21

• Work Enlargement
• Work/Job Rotation
• Work Enrichment

Question 22

Gives the worker a larger portion of the total task

Answer 22

Work Enlargement

Question 23

Makes the job more interesting by increasing the variety of skills required.

Answer 23

Work Enlargement

Question 24

Provides the worker with a more recognizable contribution to the overall output.

Answer 24

Work Enlargement

Question 25

Additional work is on the same level of skill and responsibility as the original job.

Answer 25

Horizontal loading of work -Work Enlargement

Question 26

Having workers periodically change jobs.

Answer 26

Work/Job Rotation

Question 27

Increases the skills and opportunities of workers.

Answer 27

Work/Job Rotation

Question 28

Addresses the need to fill in for others in the event of sickness and absenteism

Answer 28

Work/Job Rotation

Question 29

Increases the responsibility for planning and coordination of tasks.

Answer 29

Work Enrichment

Question 30

Also known as vertical loading of work.

Answer 30

Work Enrichment

Question 31

A key factor in work life.

Answer 31

Motivation

Question 32

Influences quality and productivity and contributes to work environment.

Answer 32

Motivation

Question 33

Includes factors such as ○ socialization ○ self actualization ○ status ○ sense of accomplishment

Answer 33

Motivation

Question 34

Motivation (Includes factors such as)

Answer 34

○ socialization ○ self actualization ○ status ○ sense of accomplishment

Question 35

Incorporation of human factors in the design of the work place.

Answer 35

Ergonomics

Question 36

A scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions between humans and other elements of a system.

Answer 36

Ergonomics

Question 37

Contributes to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments, and systems.

Answer 37

Ergonomics

Question 38

A good source of productivity improvements.

Answer 38

Methods Analysis

Question 39

Examines the general and specific details of the job, concentrating on workplace arrangements, movement of materials and or workers.

Answer 39

Methods Analysis

Question 40

The needs for method analysis comes from

Answer 40

● Changes in tools and equipment ● Changes in product design or new products ● Changes in materials and procedures ● Government regulations

Question 41

The procedure in methods analysis is as follows

Answer 41

● Identify the operation to be studied and gather facts about ○ Tools ○ Equipment ○ Materials ○ Etc. ● Perform focused group discussions with operators and supervisors to obtain their input ● Study the existing mthods and develop new ones using flow or process charts. ● Perform work analysis ● Propose new methods ● Implement new methods ● Perform monitoring to make sure improvements are achieved.

Question 42

Identify the operation to be studied and gather facts about

Answer 42

○ Tools ○ Equipment ○ Materials

Question 43

To select work to be studied, these should have the following characteristics ● Have a high labor contennt ● Are done frequently ● Are unsafe, tiring, unpleasant, and or noisy ● Are designated problems (quality problems, bottlenecks, etc)

Answer 43

Selecting an Operation to Study

Question 44

To select work to be studied, these should have the following characteristics

Answer 44

● Have a high labor contennt ● Are done frequently ● Are unsafe, tiring, unpleasant, and or noisy ● Are designated problems (quality problems, bottlenecks, etc)

Question 45

Systematic study of the human motions used to perform operations

Answer 45

Motion Study

Question 46

Developed by the Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Answer 46

Therbligs

Question 47

Breaks down work into basic elements and eliminates, combines, and re-arranges them.

Answer 47

Therbligs

Question 48

Motion Study Principles

Answer 48

○ Eliminates unncessary motions. ○ Combines activites ○ Reduces fatigue ○ Improves the arrangement of the workplace ○ Improves the design of tools and equipment

Question 49

The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specified task, working at a sustaibale rate, using given methods, tools, equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.

Answer 49

Standard Time

Question 50

Considers fatigue for personal and unavoidable delays

Answer 50

Work Measurement

Question 51

Development of a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.

Answer 51

Time Study

Question 52

Steps in Time Study

Answer 52

■ Define the task ■ Determine the number of cycles to observe ■ Time the job, and rate the worker’s performance ■ Compute the standard time

Question 53

Time standards derived from a firm’s historical time data.

Answer 53

Standard Elemental Time

Question 54

Published data based on extensive research to determine elemental times

Answer 54

Predetermined Time Standards

Question 55

A technique for estimating the proportion of time a worker or machine spends on various activities and idle time.

Answer 55

Work Sampling