Word recognition and reading Flashcards
How many words per minute can people read silently
250 words
How quickly can people identify words?
Less than 100 ms
How quickly can people read aloud words?
500-600 ms
What is the percentage of adults in Australia, The UK and the USA that are considered illiterate?
10%
What are the research methods used in reading research?
Reaction time tasks, Interference tasks, Record eye movement during reading, Neuropsychology, Neuroimaging
What are examples of reaction time tasks
Lexical decision task e.g. “Is WUG a word?”
Semantic categorization task e.g. “Is hawk an animal?”
Naming (pronunciation, read aloud) task e.g. Saying a printed word out loud as rapidly as possible.
What is an example of interference tasks
Stroop colour naming
Priming e.g. semantic priming, masked priming.
What is an example of Neuroimaging
ERP, MEG, fMRI
What is orthography
The spelling of words
What is phonology
The sound of words
What is semantics
The meaning of words
What is syntax?
Rules for combined words
What is high-level discourse integration (i.e making inferences)
e.g. Woman: “I’m leaving you”
Man: “Who is he?”
What is the model that is the basis for almost all models of reading?
McClellant and Rumelhart’s 1981 Interactive Activation Model
What are the 3 levels in this model?
Feature Level, Letter level, Word level
What is feature level?
When a feature e.g. a vertical line is detected, activation is sent to all letters containing that feature.
What is letter level?
When a particular letter is identified, activation is sent to all word units containing that letter in the appropriate position
What is word level?
Activated word units increase the level of activation in the letter-level units for the letters forming that word.
Are automatic processes avoidable or unavoidable
Unavoidable
What does the stroop colour naming task suggest?
It suggests that word meaning is extracted even when participants try not to process it.
What was the experiment done by Cheesman and Merikle (1984)
The masked priming stroop task
What was the masked priming stoop task?
Word is presented briefly and backward masked so that participants could not identify it.
It showed that stroop colour naming interference effect occurs even when the word name is presented below the level of conscious awareness
Is phonology retrieved automatically in silent reading?
Frost discovered that some phonological coding occurs rapidly when a word is presented visually
What did Van Orden do/discover in 1987?
He used homophones (words that are the same but have two spellings)
Participants made numerous errors when asked to make semantic categorization e.g. Is it a flower- rows
Homophone interference effect= participants engaged in phonological processing and mistook words.
