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Cognition > Word recognition and reading > Flashcards

Word recognition and reading Flashcards

1
Q

How many words per minute can people read silently

A

250 words

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2
Q

How quickly can people identify words?

A

Less than 100 ms

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3
Q

How quickly can people read aloud words?

A

500-600 ms

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4
Q

What is the percentage of adults in Australia, The UK and the USA that are considered illiterate?

A

10%

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5
Q

What are the research methods used in reading research?

A

Reaction time tasks, Interference tasks, Record eye movement during reading, Neuropsychology, Neuroimaging

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6
Q

What are examples of reaction time tasks

A

Lexical decision task e.g. “Is WUG a word?”

Semantic categorization task e.g. “Is hawk an animal?”

Naming (pronunciation, read aloud) task e.g. Saying a printed word out loud as rapidly as possible.

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7
Q

What is an example of interference tasks

A

Stroop colour naming

Priming e.g. semantic priming, masked priming.

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8
Q

What is an example of Neuroimaging

A

ERP, MEG, fMRI

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9
Q

What is orthography

A

The spelling of words

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10
Q

What is phonology

A

The sound of words

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11
Q

What is semantics

A

The meaning of words

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12
Q

What is syntax?

A

Rules for combined words

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13
Q

What is high-level discourse integration (i.e making inferences)

A

e.g. Woman: “I’m leaving you”

Man: “Who is he?”

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14
Q

What is the model that is the basis for almost all models of reading?

A

McClellant and Rumelhart’s 1981 Interactive Activation Model

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15
Q

What are the 3 levels in this model?

A

Feature Level, Letter level, Word level

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16
Q

What is feature level?

A

When a feature e.g. a vertical line is detected, activation is sent to all letters containing that feature.

17
Q

What is letter level?

A

When a particular letter is identified, activation is sent to all word units containing that letter in the appropriate position

18
Q

What is word level?

A

Activated word units increase the level of activation in the letter-level units for the letters forming that word.

19
Q

Are automatic processes avoidable or unavoidable

A

Unavoidable

20
Q

What does the stroop colour naming task suggest?

A

It suggests that word meaning is extracted even when participants try not to process it.

21
Q

What was the experiment done by Cheesman and Merikle (1984)

A

The masked priming stroop task

22
Q

What was the masked priming stoop task?

A

Word is presented briefly and backward masked so that participants could not identify it.

It showed that stroop colour naming interference effect occurs even when the word name is presented below the level of conscious awareness

23
Q

Is phonology retrieved automatically in silent reading?

A

Frost discovered that some phonological coding occurs rapidly when a word is presented visually

24
Q

What did Van Orden do/discover in 1987?

A

He used homophones (words that are the same but have two spellings)
Participants made numerous errors when asked to make semantic categorization e.g. Is it a flower- rows

Homophone interference effect= participants engaged in phonological processing and mistook words.

25
Q

What is the experiment on masked phonological priming?

A

By Rastle and Brysbaert

Word processing occurs faster when preceded by phonologically identical nonword primes than by primes similar in orthography but not phonology

Result; phonological processing occurs rapidly and automatically

26
Q

What are the 3 varieties of orthography

A

Logographic, Syllabic, Alphabetic

27
Q

What is a logographic writing system

A

Each character represents a morpheme (smallest unit of meaning)
e.g. Chinese, Ancient egyptian

28
Q

What is a syllabic writing system

A

Each character represents a syllable e.g. japanese kana

29
Q

What is alphabetic writing systems

A

e.g. English, French
Individual phonemes (smallest unit of sound are represented by graphemes.
A grapheme is a letter or letter cluster that correspond to a single phoneme

Cognition (9 decks)

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