Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is focused attention?
Focused attention is how effectively can we select one input and ignore others
What are the meanings of attention?
The meanings of attention are
alertness, concentration
selectivity
Control
What is divided attention?
How well we can perform multiple tasks
What are examples of the auditory selective attention?
Dichotic listening demo
Findings by Cherry and Moray on the cocktail party phenomenon
What are the bottleneck models?
Broadbent’s filter model
Treisman’s attenuation model
Deutsch and Deutsch’s late selection model
Early vs Late selection model by Treisman and Riley
Johnston and Heinz’ flexible bottleneck view
What did Cherry find within the dichotic listening task?
When subjects shadowed message presented in one ear and were later asked about the unattended message, they did not notice if it was foreign speech or reversed speech
They did notice if it was pure tone or male or female voice
Therefore only physical characteristics are processed in the unattended message
What was the results of moray’s 1959 cocktail party phenomenon
Subjects did not notice repetition of the same word 35 times
Subjects noticed own name mentioned in unattended ear
This is incompatible with the idea that physical characteristics are processed in the unattended message
What is the multi-store model of memory within the bottleneck models of attention?
Input—> sensory register —> short term memory —> long term memory
What has a large and small capacity in the bottleneck models of attention multistore model of memory
The sensory register and long term memory. The short term memory has limited capacity
What do all bottle neck models assume together and differ on?
They assume transfer of information from sensory register to short term memory store
They differ in where they regard the bottleneck is and the nature of the bottleneck
What is Broadbent’s filter model?
Stimuli gain access in parallel to a sensory register
Selection is on the basis of physical/perceptual characteristics e.g. Left/right ear
Selective filter prevents overloading of limited capacity STM store
Inputs remaining in the buffer after filter undergoes later semantic processing
What are the results of Broadbent’s filter model?
It is consistent with Cherry’s findings in that physical characteristics of unattended information was remembered and meaningful information was not.
Unattended information undergo minimal processing before being filtered
What is Treisman’s attenuation model?
Instead of an all or none filter, an attenuators turns down the processing of unattended information
The thresholds of all context-appropriate stimuli are lower
Partially processed stimuli sometimes lead exceed the threshold of conscious awareness, leading to breakthroughs
What are the results of Treisman’s attenuation model?
Own name is processed in unattended channel because it has low threshold due to high salience (importance)
Meaningful context also reduces threshold
Consistent with cocktail party phenomenon
What is Deutsch and Deutsch’s late selection model?
Information is analysed fully (physical, semantic) without attention
Argued that attenuator is redundant; only the idea of different thresholds is necessary
Bottleneck is late- at selection for action (response) so cannot shadow two messages
