word recognition Flashcards
what is the general issue in word recognition
- we see a pattern that is meaningless in itself
what is eye-tracking
measure how long people spend looking at a word
what is the lexical-decision task
how long people take to indicate a string of letters is not a word
what is the naming task
measure how long people take to start saying a word
what is priming
using related words makes a word easier to recognise
who research priming in the lexical decision task
meyer and Schvaneveldt 1971
who researched using the naming task
Schilling, Rayner and Chumbley 1998
what factors affect word recognition
- word frequency
- predictability
- neighbourhood effects
what is word frequency
commonly used words are recognised more easily than infrequent words
what is predictability
predictable words are recognised more easily than those in neutral or misleading contexts
what is the neighbourhood effect
word identification is easier when similar words exist in the language
who researched word frequency
schilling, rayner and chumbley 1998
what are the results of research into word frequency
low frequency words take longer to recognise
who researched predictability
tulving and gold 1963
what results did research into predictability find
relevant context helps recognition
what is orthographic neighbourhood effect
the number of words that can be formed by changing one letter of a word while maintaining their position
what is the phonological neighbour
the number of words that can be formed by changing one phoneme of a word
what is Morton’s logogen model
- logogens are thought as word detectors
- each logogen has an activation threshold which needs to be met before it fires
how does the logogen model explain frequency
high frequency words have a lower threshold for firing
low frequency words take longer
how does the logogen model explain predictability
- cognitive component explains how sentence context can affect recognition
- semantic info from the sentence partially activates logogens, lowering their threshold
- decreases the amount of info needed
what is the word superiority effect
reicher and wheeler
- had to recognise which letter is in the position
- 10% improvement when it was the whole word and not just letter
- easier to identify a letter in context of a word than in isolation
what is the interactive activation model
different levels of detectors
- stimulus
- feature detectors
- letter detectors
- word detectors
who discovered the interactive activation model
mccelland and rumelhart
how are levels connected in the interactive activation model
- excitatory
- inhibitory
- run in both directions
what is transposed letter priming
- understanding typos as we fill in letters
- perea and lupker 2003
what is the dual route model
- how we read words aloud
direct route - connects the visually presented word to the whole word’s mental representation
- used for high frequency words
phonological route - accesses the mental representations of words by using grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules
- used for low frequency words
who discovered the dual route model
coltheart et al
what is phonological dyslexia
- difficulty reading non-words
how does the dual route model explain phonological dyslexia
- the only way to read a novel letter string is to implement some process of decoding
- route is impaired so can’t read
what is surface dyslexia
problems with reading irregular words
how does the dual route model explain surface dyslexia
- when presented with irregular words, readers use lexical route
- surface dyslexia assumes a selective deficit in the lexical route
- results in difficulty in pronouncing irregular words
