word recognition

Question 1

what is the general issue in word recognition

Answer 1

• we see a pattern that is meaningless in itself

Question 2

what is eye-tracking

Answer 2

measure how long people spend looking at a word

Question 3

what is the lexical-decision task

Answer 3

how long people take to indicate a string of letters is not a word

Question 4

what is the naming task

Answer 4

measure how long people take to start saying a word

Question 5

what is priming

Answer 5

using related words makes a word easier to recognise

Question 6

who research priming in the lexical decision task

Answer 6

meyer and Schvaneveldt 1971

Question 7

who researched using the naming task

Answer 7

Schilling, Rayner and Chumbley 1998

Question 8

what factors affect word recognition

Answer 8

• word frequency
• predictability
• neighbourhood effects

Question 9

what is word frequency

Answer 9

commonly used words are recognised more easily than infrequent words

Question 10

what is predictability

Answer 10

predictable words are recognised more easily than those in neutral or misleading contexts

Question 11

what is the neighbourhood effect

Answer 11

word identification is easier when similar words exist in the language

Question 12

who researched word frequency

Answer 12

schilling, rayner and chumbley 1998

Question 13

what are the results of research into word frequency

Answer 13

low frequency words take longer to recognise

Question 14

who researched predictability

Answer 14

tulving and gold 1963

Question 15

what results did research into predictability find

Answer 15

relevant context helps recognition

Question 16

what is orthographic neighbourhood effect

Answer 16

the number of words that can be formed by changing one letter of a word while maintaining their position

Question 17

what is the phonological neighbour

Answer 17

the number of words that can be formed by changing one phoneme of a word

Question 18

what is Morton’s logogen model

Answer 18

• logogens are thought as word detectors
• each logogen has an activation threshold which needs to be met before it fires

Question 19

how does the logogen model explain frequency

Answer 19

high frequency words have a lower threshold for firing
low frequency words take longer

Question 20

how does the logogen model explain predictability

Answer 20

• cognitive component explains how sentence context can affect recognition
• semantic info from the sentence partially activates logogens, lowering their threshold
• decreases the amount of info needed

Question 21

what is the word superiority effect

Answer 21

reicher and wheeler
- had to recognise which letter is in the position
- 10% improvement when it was the whole word and not just letter
- easier to identify a letter in context of a word than in isolation

Question 22

what is the interactive activation model

Answer 22

different levels of detectors
- stimulus
- feature detectors
- letter detectors
- word detectors

Question 23

who discovered the interactive activation model

Answer 23

mccelland and rumelhart

Question 24

how are levels connected in the interactive activation model

Answer 24

• excitatory
• inhibitory
• run in both directions

Question 25

what is transposed letter priming

Answer 25

- understanding typos as we fill in letters - perea and lupker 2003

Question 26

what is the dual route model

Answer 26

- how we read words aloud direct route - connects the visually presented word to the whole word's mental representation - used for high frequency words phonological route - accesses the mental representations of words by using grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules - used for low frequency words

Question 27

who discovered the dual route model

Answer 27

coltheart et al

Question 28

what is phonological dyslexia

Answer 28

- difficulty reading non-words

Question 29

how does the dual route model explain phonological dyslexia

Answer 29

- the only way to read a novel letter string is to implement some process of decoding - route is impaired so can't read

Question 30

what is surface dyslexia

Answer 30

problems with reading irregular words

Question 31

how does the dual route model explain surface dyslexia

Answer 31

- when presented with irregular words, readers use lexical route - surface dyslexia assumes a selective deficit in the lexical route - results in difficulty in pronouncing irregular words