memory Flashcards
what is free recall
reproducing material from memory in an unconstrained way
what is cued recall
reproducing a specific item from memory when provided with a specific cue
what is recognition
deciding whether you have seen something before when it’s presented to you again
what is four alternative choice
- choose between four options
what are the types of recognition
- 2 forced alternative choice
- 3 choice alternative choice
- yes or no
who proposed the multistore model of memory
atkinson and shiffrin
what is the sensory register
- brief sensory stores
what is short term memory
- primary memory and hold things for seconds, maintained by rehearsal, limited capacity and limited duration
what is the long term store
- secondary memory, unlimited capacity and duration
what did William James define primary and secondary memory as
- primary memory - sensation outlast for some little time the objective stimulus which has occasioned them
- secondary memory - the knowledge of a former state of mind after it has already once dropped from consciousness
jevons - the power of numerical discrimination
throw a handful of beans onto a black tray containing a white box. how many beans are in the white box. answer immediately.
- accurate up to about 8
- for 9 and above he was right only half the time
what did averbach 1963 do
uses a tachistoscope to display patterns of dots for brief intervals masked by a subsequent erasing pattern.
- estimates of dots as a function of total numbers and variable interval
- found that with extra viewing time up to 150ms the number of dots he could count increased steadily
- when more than 8 dots presented, extra viewing time makes relatively little difference
- limiting factor is the size of visual memory
what is sperling’s partial report procedure
- when pp asked to recall whole grid of 12 items, maximum recall was 4 or 5
- immediate cue to recall just one row - close to 100% accurate
- if recall is delayed by 1s after the stimulus performance is back down to 30%
as if full grid was once available but decays rapidly
what is the recency effect in STM
- we can remember the last few words as theyre still in STM
what is the primacy effect in STM
- rehearsing - repeat the earlier words more
what is the serial position curve
- we can recall words from beginning and end of list but not in the middle
what is maintenance rehearsal
we repeat to keep in STM but not in LTM
what did shallice and warrington find that criticises unitary STS
clinical evidence shows patients with only STM and only LTM but STM deficits arent as devastating to LTM as we expect
- form new LTM without STM
what did baddely and hitch find about STM
- stimulate STM deficits by using tasks that should fill up the STS and give a secondary task to see if they could still be completed
- digit span
- slows down but didn’t prevent
- proposed that STM can’t be simple
the multicomponent model of the STS
- baddeley and hitch 1974
- STM has 3 components
- central executive
-visuospatial sketchpad - phonological store
what is dual task interference
- spatial task and verbal output
- difficult to do task spatially and output spatially
phonological similarity effect
if items in STM sound similar they get confused - conrad and hull
what is the irrelevant speech effect
salame and baddely
- recall impaired by simultaneous speech - involuntary phonological encoding
what is the word length effect
baddeley et al 1975
- serial recall is approximately as many words as you can read aloud in 2 seconds
- span is lower for longer words than shorter even presented visually
- spans are longer for faster speakers
what is the central executive based on
norman and shallice’s supervisory attention system
what is the role of the central executive
- control of behaviour based on action schemas
- low level convection scheduling chooses next schema
- SAS can over-ride the general process of contention scheduling by directly activating or inhibiting schemas
what was later added to the working memory model
- episodic buffer
- hedonic detector
what is the hedonic detector
- baddeley
- deal with emotional information
what is the embedded processes model
- no difference between STM and LTM - STM is just the currently activated component
what is the SIMPLE model
scale invariant memory perception and learning
- brown et al
- creates mathematical models based on temporal discriminability that apply to both STS and LTS
what is the individual differences approach
a different approach is to focus on individual differences in working memory capacity - recently researchers have separated this out into influences on primary and secondary memory
- unsworth and engle
what did ebbinghaus 1885 find about LTM
- nonsense syllable - memories quickly and easily but has no meaning
- tested himself for 2 years
- seeing if it was faster when relearning - methods of saving
- found a lot of LTM lost in just 20 minutes
- even when tested a month later there is still 25% savings
- never completely forget
what did bahrick find
- tested 733 peoples memory for spanish taught up to 50 years ago
- results closely related to initial learning even 50 years later
- memory decayed rapidly over the first few years but then levelled off
what did standing 1973 find about capacity of LTM
- pps watch slides for 5 seconds each and then have a recognition test 2 days later
- even with 10,000 items learned performance was at 83% on a subsequent recognition test
- even better with vivid pictures, though slightly worse with words
what did horowitz and wolfe 1998 find
- visual search has no memory
- how long does it take to spot the target - takes longer when there is more distractors
- we dont remember where weve looked - we don’t use memory
what did konkle, brady, alvarez and aude 2010 find about visual LTS
- pps have to decide whether the stimuli is new or old
- results depend more on conceptual similarity among items than on perceptual similarity
- we seem to store the gist of pictures and not specific fine details
- conceptually similar category was most difficult - the meaning of stimuli not visual
what does perceptually similar mean
- they look similar, they are the same shape
what does conceptually similar
- they don’t all look the same but all have the same name
what did bahrick find about forgetting faces
- test teachers ability to identify previous students
- after 11 days 50% dont remember, 1 year later close to 0
what did young, hay and ellis 1995 find about forgetting faces
- errors in face processing
- 22 pps keep a diary for 8 weeks noting down all the errors they make in face recognition and identification
- 1008 errors - 6 each day
what did schooler and engstler-schooler 1990 research
- can u improve face memory by carefully describing faces you see
- verbal overshadowing of memory - verbal description impairs memory for face recognition test
what did melcher and schooler 1996 find
- found that the value of verbalisation can depend on expertise
- novice wine drinkers have their memories enhanced by verbalisation
- experts memories are unaffected
- intermediate wine drinkers have their memory made worse
