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cognitive psychology > cognition and emotion > Flashcards

cognition and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is affect

A

the experience of feeling emotions

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2
Q

what is emotion

A
  • brief but intense experience
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3
Q

what terms come under affect

A
  • emotions
  • moods
  • preferences
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4
Q

what is affective judgment

A

a decision on what a person likes or dislikes

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5
Q

how do watson and clark 1984 define emotions

A
  • distinct integrated psychophysiological response systems
  • an emotion contains 3 differential response systems
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6
Q

how does lang 1971 define emotions

A
  • behavioural, physiological and cognitive/verbal component
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7
Q

what are the components of emotions according to watson and clark

A
  • behaviour e.g. facial expressions
  • physiological response - e.g. heart rate, sweating
  • feeling e.g. feel frightened
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8
Q

how do we classify emotional experiences

A
  • 2 approaches
  • the basic emotion approach
  • the dimensional approach
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9
Q

what is the basic emotion approach

A

emotions are a mixture of basic types of emotions
- no consensus of what emotions are basic

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10
Q

what does arnold consider are basic emotions

A

anger, aversion, courage, desire, dejection, despair, fear, hate , love and sadness

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11
Q

what does james consider are basic emotions

A

fear, grief, love and rage

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12
Q

what are the ‘big five’ basic emotions

A

anger, disgust, fear, happiness and sadness
- they are universal

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13
Q

what characteristics determine whether an emotion is a basic one

A

ekman 1999 - distinct universal signal, distinct physiology, present in other primates, quick onset

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14
Q

what is the dimensional approach

A
  • describe emotional experiences through key dimensions
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15
Q

what is an affect grid

A
  • lang 1988
  • based on 2 dimensions: valence and arousal
  • pps asked to rate pictures in terms of 2 dimensions
  • 3rd dimension is dominance/control
  • c shaped pattern on grid
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16
Q

what is the self assessment manikin

A

9 point rating scale
- rate image on valence and also on arousal

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17
Q

what is the james-lange theory

A
  • sematic theory
    stimulus –> sensory perception —> bodily changes and automatic arousal —> particular emotional experience
  • emotion comes after the physiological behaviour
  • behaviour proceeds cognition
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18
Q

what is the cannon-bard theory

A

stimulus —> sensory perception —> general automatic arousal and particular emotion experienced at the same time
- sub-cortical stimulation leads to arousal and subjective emotion simultaneously

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19
Q

what is the schachter and singer theory

A
  • arousal-interpretation theory
  • 2 essential factors: high physiological arousal and an emotional interpretation of the arousal
    stimulus —> sensory perception —> general automatic arousal —> cognitive appraisal —> particular emotional experience
20
Q

what did schacter and singer find 1962

A
  • told pps they were investigating a vitamins compound on vision
  • 3 groups inected with adrenaline, 1 group saline solution - placebo
  • some were told effects of adrenaline and some were told incorrect effects of adrenaline, some weren’t informed of any effects
  • manipulated context - situation to produce emotion
  • found happy groups - misinformed felt happiest
  • found angry groups - misinformed felt most emotion
21
Q

what does zajonc argue about cognition

A
  • affect and cognition are separate and partially independent systems
  • cognitive processes were not necessary to produce an affective response to stimulus
  • tested using the mere exposure effect
22
Q

what is the affective primacy debate

A
  • does emotion precede cognition
23
Q

what is the mere exposure effect

A
  • zajonc
  • presented images subliminally to pps whilst involved in a diff primary task
  • pps then make preference judgements to stimuli set presented above plus new/novel stimuli
  • pps gave higher liking ratings to the previously seen stimuli
  • suggests an emotional response despite no cognitive processing
24
Q

what is the priming experiment

A
  • murphy and zajonc
  • stimulus is angry or happy or sad face
  • stimulus presented for either 4ms or 1s
  • they were then shown a 2nd stimulus
  • then rating of likability
  • ratings of liking were influenced by the affective/emotional primes but only when presented for 4ms
  • at 1s, time for later cognitive processes to kick in
25
Q

what does richard lazarus argue about cognition

A
  • cognitive appraisal underlies and is an integral feature of all emotional states
26
Q

what is the cognitive appraisal effect

A
  • interpretations of a situation that helps us determine the nature and intensity of the emotional response
27
Q

what did speisman, lazarus, mordkoff and davidson do to research the appraisal theory

A
  • pps shown anxiety evoking films
  • measured emotional responses by having them rate and also measured physiological responses e.g. heart rate
  • they changed sound track in videos e.g. no sound, trauma narrative, denial narrative, scientific narrative
  • compared stress responses to control conditions
  • less anxiety with denial narrative and scientific narrative
28
Q

what are the 3 types of appraisals

A
  • primary appraisal
  • secondary appraisal
  • reappraisal
29
Q

what is primary appraisal

A

identify the stimulus as to whether there is a threat to personal well-being. significance/meaning of the event to the individua

30
Q

what are secondary appraisals

A

determine what personal resosources are available to cope with the situation

31
Q

what are reappraisals

A

monitor primary and secondary appraisals and modify them as necessary

32
Q

what are the 2 primary appraisal components

A
  • smith and lazarus
  • motivational relevance
  • motivational congruence
33
Q

what are the 4 secondary appraisal components

A
  • accountability
  • problem-focused coping potential
  • emotion focused coping potential
  • future expectancy
34
Q

what is attention bias

A
  • selective attention to emotionally related stimuli presented at the same time as neutral ones
35
Q

what is interpretative bias

A

a tendency to interpret a situation or ambiguous stimuli in a negative way

36
Q

what is an example of attentional bias

A

the stroop task

37
Q

what is the emotional stroop task

A
  • shown both emotional and neutral words in different coloured ink
  • asked to name ink colour
  • how the word meaning interferes with the colour naming
  • high trait anxiety show larger interference effects
  • also done with faces - van honk et al
38
Q

what is the dot-probe paradigm or attentional probe task

A
  • examines early allocation of attention
  • maclead, mathews and tata 1986
  • emotional and neutral info presented side by side to anxious patients and controls
  • location of threat info is controlled. some trials have no dot
  • examine spread of responses when dot occupies location previously occupied by neutral versus emotional stimuli
  • controls faster for neutral compared to threatening
    anxious patients faster in threat area
39
Q

how was interpretative bias studied

A
  • eysenck, maclead and mathews
  • homonym task
  • present words auditorily
  • homophones
  • pps must write down words
  • high trait anxiety used more threat related spellings
  • criticised by response bias
40
Q

what task did richard and french carry out

A
  • used homographs instead of homophones - dual meanings
  • if prime and word are related in meaning responses are faster
  • found greater priming effect for target words related in meaning to the negative interpretation of the prime for high anxiety pps
41
Q

what is target pop-out

A

automatic process not requiring attention

42
Q

what did ohman suggest about detection of threatening faces

A
  • it is evolutionary adaptive for us to detect threat quickly and automatically
  • we should detect angry faces faster because they are threatening
43
Q

what is the face in the crowd effect

A
  • if detection of threat is fast and automatic, we might expect threatening objects to be detected rapidly
44
Q

how did hansen and hansen research the face in crowd effect

A
  • grid of 9 faces
  • one discrepant emotion
  • faces show angry, happy or neutral expressions
  • pps respond same or different
  • suggests anger superiority effect - easy to find a discrepant angry face in a crowd
  • 2nd experiment - 4 faces - pps had to identify where the discrepant face was - pps took less time to identify angry face in crowd of happy faces
45
Q
A

cognitive psychology (8 decks)

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