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topic and issues in developmental psychology > word learning > Flashcards

word learning Flashcards

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1
Q

what is quine (1960) mapping problem?

A

pointing and naming objects can lead to underextension and overextension

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2
Q

what did goldin-meadow et al (1976) discover about comprehension?

A

2 year olds comprehend 2-3x more words than they can produce

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3
Q

at what age do bergelson & swingley (2012;2013) say children start comprehending nouns and verbs?

A

comprehend nouns at 6 months and verbs at 10 months

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4
Q

what did nelson (1973) discover about early noun bias?

A

40% of children’s first 50 words are nouns, even in verb-friendly languages

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5
Q

what is tomasello’s (2003) socially mediated word learning?

A

words are easier to learn if the teacher’s social intentions are clear

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6
Q

how does socially mediated word learning link with early noun bias?

A

social intentions are clearer with nouns

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7
Q

what are the two main production errors?

A

underextension and overextension

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8
Q

what did rescorla (1980) say is the most common production error?

A

overextension

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9
Q

what is gentner’s (1982) natural partitions hypothesis?

A

nouns are easier to identify in space and time than verbs

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10
Q

what are the 4 innate constraints to language learning?

A
  • object constraint
  • whole object constraint
  • principle of contrast
  • mutual exclusivity
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11
Q

what is gentner’s (1982) object constraint?

A

infants assume words refer to objects

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12
Q

what is markman’s (1991) whole object constraint?

A

infants assume a word refers to the whole object and not it’s parts

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13
Q

what is clark’s (1995) principle of contrast?

A

no two words have exactly the same meaning

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14
Q

what is markman’s (1988) mutual exclusivity?

A

infants assume objects only have one name

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15
Q

what is gleitman’s (1990) syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis?

A

infants rely on syntax to determine the meaning of words

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16
Q

what did brown (1957) discover in their ‘sib’ experiment?

A

infants used syntax to determine the meaning of ‘to sib’, ‘a sib’ and ‘sib’

17
Q

what did gelman & markman (1985) find in their ‘fep’ experiment?

A

4 year olds pick different objects of same category for adjectives ‘the fep one’ and pick different objects for nouns ‘the fep’

18
Q

what did waxman & booth (2001) discover about categories and properties?

A

children extend nouns to categories but not properties, but do not extend adjectives to categories or properties

19
Q

when do structural cues appear?

A

early for nouns but later for other words

20
Q

what did naigles (1990) discover about verbs?

A

2 year olds use structural cues to narrow down verb meanings

21
Q

what is tomasello’s (2003) socio-pragmatic approach?

A

children learn words and meaning from pragmatic cues in the environment

22
Q

how do pragmatic cues help word learning?

A

they remove ambiguity from words

23
Q

what does the socio-pragmatic approach say is needed instead of innate constraints?

A

socio-cognitive skills and interaction with the environment

24
Q

in which 2 ways does the socio-pragmatic approach say word learning is constrained?

A

the structured social world (routines, games) and the socio-cognitive skills infants have (joint attention, intention reading)

25
Q

how do ratner & bruner (1978) say infants learn language?

A

they learn almost all language from cultural routines (books, feeding)

26
Q

how do lieven et al (1994) say infants learn language?

A

they learn language from familiar contexts

27
Q

how does intention reading help language learning?

A

world learning occurs when infants attempt to interpret the communicative intent of others

28
Q

what did baldwin (1993) say about shared common ground?

A

it reduces the number possible referents

29
Q

what did tomasello & barton (1994) discover about novel referents?

A

infants understand novel referent refers to the object the adult is looking for rather than ones they have rejected

30
Q

what did tomasello & kruger (1992) discover about anticipation?

A

infants interpret adults anticipation of what will happen and learn verbs relating to the anticipated action

31
Q

what did tomasello & barton (1994) discover about accidental and intentional actions?

A

infants can differentiate between accidental and intentional actions when learning about verbs

topic and issues in developmental psychology (6 decks)

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