early social skills and language/communication development

Question 1

what 2 things does early socialisation consist of?

Answer 1

primary intersubjectivity and secondary intersubjectivity

Question 2

who theorised early socialisation in 1979?

Answer 2

trevarthen

Question 3

what is primary intersubjectivity?

Answer 3

attention to faces, eye contact, dyadic, vocalisation and imitation

Question 4

what is secondary intersubjectivity?

Answer 4

pointing, turn-taking, sharing attention, triadic, intentional

Question 5

what did goren et al (1975) discover about face-like objects?

Answer 5

infants prefer to look at objects that are face like

Question 6

what did farroni et al (2002) discover about eye gaze?

Answer 6

newborns prefer direct eye gaze

Question 7

what did senju & csibra (2008) discover about communicative eye gaze?

Answer 7

communicative signals (eye gaze) encourage infants to attend, it is the same for IDS

Question 8

at what age did tomasello (2003) say there is a ‘revolution of understanding’?

Answer 8

9 months old

Question 9

what do infants co-ordinate in secondary intersubjectivity?

Answer 9

emotional responses via social referencing and their visual attention

Question 10

what did adamson & frick (2003) find in their still face experiment?

Answer 10

babies cry, point, move, react negatively when adults do not interact with them

Question 11

what did sorce et al (1985) find in the visual cliff experiment?

Answer 11

infants use their caregiver’s facial expressions as a guide to how they should behave/react/feel

Question 12

what are the 5 signs of internal communication during secondary intersubjectivity?

Answer 12

eye contact, pointing, vocalisation to a specific goal, waiting for a response, persistence

Question 13

what are 3 month olds abilities at turn-taking according to stern et al (1975)?

Answer 13

they alternate vocalisations with their mothers

Question 14

what are 12 month olds abilities at turn-taking according to schaffer et al (1977)?

Answer 14

they have fewer interruptions

Question 15

what did bruner et al (1975) discover about protoconversations?

Answer 15

infants babble whilst turn-taking to mimic a conversation with an adult

Question 16

what did rutter and durkin (1987) say about turn-taking?

Answer 16

it is not until age 3 that infants can control turn-taking, it is difficult to establish when it is mutual as mothers ensure smooth turns in early years

Question 17

what did carpenter et al (1997) say happens with joint attention at 9 months old?

Answer 17

children begin to switch their attention between an adult and an object

Question 18

what did tomasello & farrar (1986) discover about joint attention and language?

Answer 18

joint attention skills lead to better language skills, infants are more likely to learn the name of an object that they choose to attend to

Question 19

how did bruner (1985) say much of language is learnt?

Answer 19

through repetitive routines that are centered around the child

Question 20

how do routines help language learning?

Answer 20

they create a shared context

Question 21

what did collins & schaffer (1975) say mothers control?

Answer 21

an infants line of regard

Question 22

what did tomasello et al (1986) discover about twins and language learning?

Answer 22

they often show a language delay that is linked with the time they spend in joint attention with their mother

Question 23

what is declarative pointing?

Answer 23

directing an adults attention to something

Question 24

what is imperative pointing?

Answer 24

getting an adult to do something

Question 25

what is a 9 month old pointing habit?

Answer 25

they follow points in front of another person

Question 26

what is a 12 month olds pointing habit?

Answer 26

they check with the pointer

Question 27

what is a 14 month olds pointing habit?

Answer 27

they follow a point across a line of sight

Question 28

what does kuhl et al (2006) say about phonemes?

Answer 28

infants start to focus on phonemes between 6 and 12 months

Question 29

how does gaze following help infants with joint attention?

Answer 29

it allows infants to track where someone is looking and join them

Question 30

what did scaife & bruner (1975) discover about 9 month olds gaze following?

Answer 30

9 month olds will turn to follow an adults gaze

Question 31

what did coorkum & moore (1995) say about gaze following at 18 months?

Answer 31

infants dont track gaze specifically until they are 18 months old using both their head and eyes

Question 32

what did brooks & meltzoff (2002) find about the role of eyes in gaze following?

Answer 32

12 month olds only follow gaze if eyes are open, 14 month olds only turn head if eyes are visible

Question 33

what did moll & tomasello (2004) discover about barriers?

Answer 33

infants will follow a gaze behind a barrier

Question 34

what did behne et al (2005) discover about understanding communicative intentions?

Answer 34

infants will not follow non-communicative points/gaze but will follow a gaze and point to an object to retrieve it

Question 35

how do 9 month olds direct their mother’s attention?

Answer 35

they point to an object, then check their mothers line of regard

Question 36

how do 18 month olds direct their mother’s attention?

Answer 36

they check their mothers line of regard, then point to an object

Question 37

what did liszkowski et al (2006) say about 12 month olds and failure to direct attention to the right object?

Answer 37

they will react negatively when adults find the wrong object

Question 38

what did boundy et al (2019) say about infants when attention is wrongly directed to them?

Answer 38

they will react negatively when attention is not directed to the object