early social skills and language/communication development Flashcards
what 2 things does early socialisation consist of?
primary intersubjectivity and secondary intersubjectivity
who theorised early socialisation in 1979?
trevarthen
what is primary intersubjectivity?
attention to faces, eye contact, dyadic, vocalisation and imitation
what is secondary intersubjectivity?
pointing, turn-taking, sharing attention, triadic, intentional
what did goren et al (1975) discover about face-like objects?
infants prefer to look at objects that are face like
what did farroni et al (2002) discover about eye gaze?
newborns prefer direct eye gaze
what did senju & csibra (2008) discover about communicative eye gaze?
communicative signals (eye gaze) encourage infants to attend, it is the same for IDS
at what age did tomasello (2003) say there is a ‘revolution of understanding’?
9 months old
what do infants co-ordinate in secondary intersubjectivity?
emotional responses via social referencing and their visual attention
what did adamson & frick (2003) find in their still face experiment?
babies cry, point, move, react negatively when adults do not interact with them
what did sorce et al (1985) find in the visual cliff experiment?
infants use their caregiver’s facial expressions as a guide to how they should behave/react/feel
what are the 5 signs of internal communication during secondary intersubjectivity?
eye contact, pointing, vocalisation to a specific goal, waiting for a response, persistence
what are 3 month olds abilities at turn-taking according to stern et al (1975)?
they alternate vocalisations with their mothers
what are 12 month olds abilities at turn-taking according to schaffer et al (1977)?
they have fewer interruptions
what did bruner et al (1975) discover about protoconversations?
infants babble whilst turn-taking to mimic a conversation with an adult
what did rutter and durkin (1987) say about turn-taking?
it is not until age 3 that infants can control turn-taking, it is difficult to establish when it is mutual as mothers ensure smooth turns in early years
what did carpenter et al (1997) say happens with joint attention at 9 months old?
children begin to switch their attention between an adult and an object
what did tomasello & farrar (1986) discover about joint attention and language?
joint attention skills lead to better language skills, infants are more likely to learn the name of an object that they choose to attend to
how did bruner (1985) say much of language is learnt?
through repetitive routines that are centered around the child
how do routines help language learning?
they create a shared context
what did collins & schaffer (1975) say mothers control?
an infants line of regard
what did tomasello et al (1986) discover about twins and language learning?
they often show a language delay that is linked with the time they spend in joint attention with their mother
what is declarative pointing?
directing an adults attention to something
what is imperative pointing?
getting an adult to do something
what is a 9 month old pointing habit?
they follow points in front of another person
what is a 12 month olds pointing habit?
they check with the pointer
what is a 14 month olds pointing habit?
they follow a point across a line of sight
what does kuhl et al (2006) say about phonemes?
infants start to focus on phonemes between 6 and 12 months
how does gaze following help infants with joint attention?
it allows infants to track where someone is looking and join them
what did scaife & bruner (1975) discover about 9 month olds gaze following?
9 month olds will turn to follow an adults gaze
what did coorkum & moore (1995) say about gaze following at 18 months?
infants dont track gaze specifically until they are 18 months old using both their head and eyes
what did brooks & meltzoff (2002) find about the role of eyes in gaze following?
12 month olds only follow gaze if eyes are open, 14 month olds only turn head if eyes are visible
what did moll & tomasello (2004) discover about barriers?
infants will follow a gaze behind a barrier
what did behne et al (2005) discover about understanding communicative intentions?
infants will not follow non-communicative points/gaze but will follow a gaze and point to an object to retrieve it
how do 9 month olds direct their mother’s attention?
they point to an object, then check their mothers line of regard
how do 18 month olds direct their mother’s attention?
they check their mothers line of regard, then point to an object
what did liszkowski et al (2006) say about 12 month olds and failure to direct attention to the right object?
they will react negatively when adults find the wrong object
what did boundy et al (2019) say about infants when attention is wrongly directed to them?
they will react negatively when attention is not directed to the object
