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Linguistics > Word Formation > Flashcards

Word Formation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the word formation process in:

unkind

A

prefixation

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2
Q

Name the word formation process in:

edit

A

backformation

from editor

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3
Q

Name the word formation process in:

car park

A

compounding

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4
Q

Name the word formation process in:

transistor

A

blending

from transfer and resistor

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5
Q

Name the word formation process in:

tick-tock

A

reduplicative

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6
Q

Name the word formation process in:

photo

A

clipping

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7
Q

Name the word formation process in:

brake

A

conversion

verb to noun

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8
Q

Name the word formation process in:

chewing gum

A

compounding

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9
Q

Name the word formation process in:

CIDE

A

acronymisation

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10
Q

Name the word formation process in:

boyish

A

suffixation

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11
Q

Name the word formation process in:

to baby-sit

A

backformation

from babysitter, which is a compound

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12
Q

Name the word formation process in:

IRA

A

abbreviation

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13
Q

Name the word formation process in:

motel

A

blending

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14
Q

Name the word formation process in:

haircut

A

compounding

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15
Q

Name the word formation process in:

love

A

conversion

verb to noun

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16
Q

Name the word formation process in:

flu

A

clipping

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17
Q

Name the word formation process in:

to can

A

conversion

noun to verb

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18
Q

Name the word formation process in:

heliport

A

blending

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19
Q

Name the word formation process in:

tv

A

abbreviation

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20
Q

Name the word formation process in:

GM

A

abbreviation

OR: General+Motors > compounding

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21
Q

Name the word formation process in:

to text

A

1) compounding (text + message)
2) clipping (text)
3) conversion (noun to verb)

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22
Q

Name the word formation process in:

explanation

A

suffixation
(explain + ation)
vowel change!

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23
Q

Name the word formation process in:

NATO

A

acronymisation

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24
Q

Name the word formation process in:

air-strikes

A

compounding

OR blending

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25
Q

Name the word formation process in:

filmmaker

A 
compounding
(film + maker)
OR
suffixation
(+er)
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26
Q

Name the word formation process in:

unconvincingly

A

suffixation (2x)
prefixation
vowel change

27
Q

Name the word formation process in:

re-Fedexed

A 
compounding
(federal + express)
blending / clipping
conversion
(noun to verb)
prefixation
(re-)
28
Q

Name the word formation process in:

to face

A

conversion

noun to verb

29
Q

Name the word formation process in:

reaction

A

suffixation and prefixation

30
Q

Name the word formation process in:

snowman

A

compounding

31
Q

Name the word formation process in:

car park

A

compounding

32
Q

Name the word formation process in:

unkind

A

prefixation

33
Q

Name the word formation process in:

unfair

A

prefixation

34
Q

Name the word formation process in:

employment

A

suffixation

35
Q

Name the word formation process in:

derivation

A

suffixation

36
Q

Name the word formation process in:

cycle

A

conversion

37
Q

Name the word formation process in:

leap

A

conversion

38
Q

Name the word formation process in:

to aircondition

A

back-formation

39
Q

Name the word formation process in:

gas

A

clipping

40
Q

Name the word formation process in:

telly

A

clipping and familiarity marker

41
Q

Name the word formation process in:

brunch

A

blending

42
Q

Name the word formation process in:

StudOn

A

blending

43
Q

Name the word formation process in:

NATO

A

acronymisation

44
Q

Name the word formation process in:

ZDF

A

abbreviation

45
Q

Name the word formation process in:

ARD

A

abbreviation

46
Q

Name the word formation process in:

nitty-gritty

A

reduplicatives

47
Q

Explain the difference between token and type

A

token
every single word

type
every type of word

48
Q

Define lexeme

A 
fundamental abstract unit of the lexicon of the language 
> mouse, fire extinguisher
> resists interrupton
> family of lexical units
> lexical form > inflection!
49
Q

Explain the difference between word forms and lexical units

A

word forms
representations of the same lexeme
> mouse, mice

lexical units
possible meanings of a lexeme
> animal, computer device (mouses!), shy person

50
Q

List the forms of lexical innovation

A

neologism
invention of new lexical items

transfer of meaning
derivation of new senses of established words

combining / modifying existing lexical material

> abbreviatory function of lexical innovation
word as lexical element has concept defining role

51
Q

List the types of word formation

A 
compounding
affixation
conversion
back-formation
clipping
blending
acronymisation
abbreviation
reduplicatives
52
Q

Define compounding

A

combining two constituents

e.g. breadwinner, art gallery

53
Q

Define affixation

A

prefixation
combining two constituents so that a bound morpheme (prefix) precedes the second constituent
> change of word class

suffixation
combining two constituents so that a bound morpheme (suffix) follows the first constituent

54
Q

Define conversion

A

new word formed without any formal change (work V > N)
> zero-derivation: addition of zero-morpheme
> change of word class

55
Q

Define back-formation

A

taking off a sequence of phonemes resembling a suffix from an existing word
e.g. laze, burgle, televise
> change of word class

56
Q

Define clipping

A

shortening polysyllabic word

e.g. ad, demo, phone

57
Q

Define blending

A

word from two existing words by maintaining elements of both constituents
e.g. heliport, smog, brunch

58
Q

Define acronymisation

A

initial letters of words of compound, pronounced as one word
e.g. NATO
> acronym

59
Q

Define abbreviation

A

initial letters of words of compound, pronounced separately

e.g. PhD, U.N.

60
Q

Name an example of reduplicatives

A

see-saw, wishy-washy

61
Q

Define familiarity marker

A

making a word shorter and adding an affix
e.g. telly, comfy
> usually combined with clipping

62
Q

List the possible restrictions to productive word formation

A

phonological
e.g. {-ish} does not combine with /ʃ/ or /tʃ/

morphological
e.g. {-ness} cannot be followed by another suffix

semantic
e.g. {-ess} only for human begins or higher animals

etymological
e.g. {in-} / {dis-} only with adjectives of Romance origin

63
Q

Explain nonce formation

A

word that has been formed and used by a speaker only once

64
Q

Explain the difference between lexicalization and institutionalisation

A

institutionalisation (established)
known and used by large number of speakers

lexicalization
word formation that can no longer be fully related to the underlying word formation process

Linguistics (10 decks)

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