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Linguistics > Semantics > Flashcards

Semantics Flashcards

1
Q

How do ‘bank’ (financial institute) and ‘bank’ (river bank) relate to each other?

A

homonymy

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2
Q

How do ‘ear’ (organ) and ‘ear’ (top of grain) relate to each other?

A

homonymy

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3
Q

How do ‘press’ (equipment) and ‘press’ (media) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

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4
Q

How do ‘royalty’ (royal person) and ‘royalty’ (payment) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

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5
Q

Explain the difference between a homophone and a homograph

A

homophone: identical in phonological form
> sound the same

homograph: identical in spelling
> are written the same

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6
Q

How do ‘wail’ and ‘whale’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

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7
Q

How do ‘dear’ (beloved) and ‘dear’ (expensive) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

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8
Q

How do ‘enter’ and ‘go in’ relate to each other?

A

synonyms

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9
Q

How do ‘tall’ and ‘short’ relate to each other?

A

antonyms

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10
Q

How do ‘dead’ and ‘alive’ relate to each other?

A

complementarity

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11
Q

How do ‘pupil’ and ‘teacher’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

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12
Q

How do ‘wind’ and ‘to wind’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

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13
Q

How do ‘tree’ and ‘oak’ relate to each other?

A

hyponyms

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14
Q

How do ‘oak’ and ‘birch’ relate to each other?

A

co-hyponyms

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15
Q

How do ‘vehicle’ and ‘train’ relate to each other?

A

hyponyms

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16
Q

How do ‘parent’ and ‘child’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

17
Q

How do ‘cheap’ and ‘expensive’ relate to each other?

A

antonyms

18
Q

How do ‘buy’ and ‘sell’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

19
Q

How do ‘see’ and ‘sea’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

20
Q

How do ‘coarse’ and ‘course’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

21
Q

How do ‘zero’ and ‘love’ relate to each other? (tennis!)

A

synonyms

22
Q

How do ‘light’ and ‘dark’ relate to each other?

A

antonyms

23
Q

How do ‘husband’ and ‘wife’ relate to each other?

A

converseness

24
Q

How do ‘tulip’ and ‘flower’ relate to each other?

A

hyponyms

25
Q

How do ‘pupil’ (eye) and ‘pupil’ (student) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

26
Q

How do ‘autumn’ and ‘fall’ relate to each other?

A

synonyms

27
Q

How do ‘write’ and ‘right’ relate to each other?

A

homophones

28
Q

How do ‘seal’ (animal) and ‘seal’ (mark) relate to each other?

A

homonymy

29
Q

How do ‘mouse’ (computer) and ‘mouse’ (animal) relate to each other?

A

polysemy

30
Q

Explain the difference between denotation and reference

A

denotation
relationship between linguistic sign and denotatum
> NO concrete speech situation

denotatum
entities of extralinguistic world > abstract possibilities, potential

reference
relationship between referring expression and referent(s)
> ONLY in concrete speech situation

referring expression
> phrase

referent(s)
> particular / specific member of denotatum

31
Q

Explain connotation

A
  • Associations beyond its (denotative or conceptual) meaning
  • Arise form properties of (elements of) the denotatum
  • Not necessarily shared by whole speech community > vary considerably
32
Q

Explain the difference between polysemy and homonymy

A

Polysemy
lexeme has more than one lexical unit
> one lexeme that has developed multiple meanings

Homonymy
multiple lexemes with identical forms
> two separate lexemes that have developed the same form

33
Q

Define the elements of hyponymy

A

hyponym
> subordinate (cat in cat – animal)

hyperonym
> superordinate (animal in cat – animal)

co-hyponyms
> hyponyms of the same hyperonyms

34
Q

Explain the difference between antonyms, complementaries and converseness

A 
Antonyms
> gradable
> degrees of variable property
> move in opposite directions when intensified
> range of values in between 
> marked vs unmarked

Complementaries
> exhaustively divide domain into two mutually exclusive compartments

Converseness
> express same relation, from different perspectives

35
Q

Explain entailment

A

proposition P entails proposition Q when truth of Q is logically necessary consequence of truth of P
> hyponomy
> synonymy

36
Q

Explain componential analysis

A

analysing meanings in terms of semantic components, gained through contrasting meanings of lexical units

conditions

  • atomic
  • recurrent
  • binary
  • universal

Linguistics (10 decks)

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