Phonetics Flashcards
Explain ‘segmentation’
Dividing the continuum of a chain of sounds into small, recurrent elements
Define ‘phone’
Speech sound
List the main characteristics of vowels
Air stream can pass from the lungs through the mouth across central part of tongue, without obstruction
Has central function in the syllable
List the main characteristics of consonants
Obstruction in airstream from lungs through mouth
Marginal function in syllable
List the semi-vowels / approximants and their characteristics
[w]
[j]
> Consonantal position
> phonetically: vowel glide
Explain pulmonic and non-pulmonic phones
pulmonic
Lungs involved in producing air stream
non-pulmonic
Lungs not involved in producing air stream
Explain egressive and non-egressive phones
egressive
Air stream is pushed out of lungs
non-egressive
Produced while breathing in
Explain voiced and voiceless phones
voiceless
Air passes vocal cords without modification
voiced
Air vibrates when passing vocal cords
Name the distinctive features of /m/
nasal, bilabial, voiced
Name the distinctive features of /v/
labio dental, fricative, voiced
Name the distinctive features used to describe consonants
manner of articulation
place of articulation
voiced / voiceless
List the parts of the vocal tract
Cavities
Pharyngeal cavity
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Articulators lips teeth tongue (blade, tip, front, back, root) alveolar ridge palate (> hard palate and soft palate / Velum) uvula (huig)
Other epiglottis (strotklepje) esophagus (food passage) trachea (wind pipe) larynx (strottenhoofd) vocal cords
List the places of articulation and what part of the mouth is involved
bilabial
lips
labio-dental
lower lip
upper teeth
dental
tongue
upper teeth
alveolar
tip and rims of tongue
upper alveolar ridge
side teeth
post-alveolar
tip, blade and rims of tongue
rear part of upper alveolar ridge
velar
tongue
soft palate
glottal
vocal cords
List the manners of articulation
plosive / stop fricative affricate lateral approximant nasal
Name the bilabial consonants
[ph] [p] [b] [m]
Name the labio-dental consonants
[f] [v]
Name the dental consonants
[θ] [ð]
Name the alveolar consonants
[th] [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l]
Name the post-alveolar consonants
[r]
Name the palato-alveolar consonants
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
Name the velar consonants
[kh] [k] [g] [ŋ]
Name the glottal consonants
[ʔ] [h]
Name the plosive consonants
[ph] [p] [th] [t] [kh] [k] [ʔ] [b] [d] [g]
Name the fricative consonants
[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]
Name the affricate consonants
[tʃ] [dʒ]
Name the lateral consonants
[l]
Nam the approximant consonants
[r] [w] [j]
Name the nasal consonants
[n] [m] [ŋ]
Explain what determines the articulation of plosive consonants
Articulatory organs form obstruction; air stream is held up; sudden release of air
Explain what determines the articulation of fricative consonants
Articulatory organs brought so close together that friction of air steam occurs
Explain what determines the articulation of affricate consonants
Plosive with friction during release stage
Explain what determines the articulation of lateral consonants
Partial closure so that air stream can escape on one or both sides of obstruction
Explain what determines the articulation of approximant consonants
Contraction of tongue; air stream can escape without friction
Explain what determines the articulation of nasal consonants
Air stream released through nose; articulatory organs form obstruction
Explain aspiration
a short airstream follows the articulation
Name the three aspects used to describe vowels
place of the highest point of the tongue
degree of lip rounding
length
Explain the difference between monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs
monophthongs
no change in quality of vowel sound over duration
diphthongs
involving glide from one position to another
triphthongs
involving a glide from one position to another and then yet another
List the diphthongs
closing sounds [eɪ] in say [aʊ] in now [aɪ] in hi [ɔɪ] in boy
centring sounds
[ɪə] in here
[ea] in air
[ʊə] in sure
What are cardinal vowels?
idealized realizations of vowel qualities
> system of cardinal vowels serves as reference grid for exact description of vowels in real languages
Name the three parts of a syllable and the class of phonemes they consist of
onset > consonant(s)
peak > vowel
coda > consonant(s)
NOTE
Syllabic [l̩] and [n̩] can function as peak (little, button)
Explain the difference between open and closed syllables
Open syllables
end in a vowel sound (buoy, sea)
Closed syllables contain coda (boys, girl)
Name some suprasegmental elements
stress
> primary
> secondary
pitch change > falling > rising > falling-rising > rising reinforcement of a falling tone
intonation
> variations and direction of pitch
accent
> type of stress
rhythm
> stress timed
> syllable timed
