Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

Explain ‘segmentation’

A

Dividing the continuum of a chain of sounds into small, recurrent elements

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2
Q

Define ‘phone’

A

Speech sound

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3
Q

List the main characteristics of vowels

A

Air stream can pass from the lungs through the mouth across central part of tongue, without obstruction

Has central function in the syllable

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4
Q

List the main characteristics of consonants

A

Obstruction in airstream from lungs through mouth

Marginal function in syllable

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5
Q

List the semi-vowels / approximants and their characteristics

A

[w]
[j]
> Consonantal position
> phonetically: vowel glide

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6
Q

Explain pulmonic and non-pulmonic phones

A

pulmonic
Lungs involved in producing air stream

non-pulmonic
Lungs not involved in producing air stream

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7
Q

Explain egressive and non-egressive phones

A

egressive
Air stream is pushed out of lungs

non-egressive
Produced while breathing in

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8
Q

Explain voiced and voiceless phones

A

voiceless
Air passes vocal cords without modification

voiced
Air vibrates when passing vocal cords

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9
Q

Name the distinctive features of /m/

A

nasal, bilabial, voiced

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10
Q

Name the distinctive features of /v/

A

labio dental, fricative, voiced

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11
Q

Name the distinctive features used to describe consonants

A

manner of articulation
place of articulation
voiced / voiceless

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12
Q

List the parts of the vocal tract

A

Cavities
Pharyngeal cavity
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity

Articulators
lips 
teeth
tongue (blade, tip, front, back, root)
alveolar ridge
palate (> hard palate and soft palate / Velum)
uvula (huig)
Other
epiglottis (strotklepje)
esophagus (food passage)
trachea (wind pipe)
larynx (strottenhoofd)
vocal cords
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13
Q

List the places of articulation and what part of the mouth is involved

A

bilabial
lips

labio-dental
lower lip
upper teeth

dental
tongue
upper teeth

alveolar
tip and rims of tongue
upper alveolar ridge
side teeth

post-alveolar
tip, blade and rims of tongue
rear part of upper alveolar ridge

velar
tongue
soft palate

glottal
vocal cords

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14
Q

List the manners of articulation

A
plosive / stop
fricative
affricate
lateral
approximant
nasal
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15
Q

Name the bilabial consonants

A

[ph] [p] [b] [m]

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16
Q

Name the labio-dental consonants

A

[f] [v]

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17
Q

Name the dental consonants

A

[θ] [ð]

18
Q

Name the alveolar consonants

A

[th] [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l]

19
Q

Name the post-alveolar consonants

20
Q

Name the palato-alveolar consonants

A

[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]

21
Q

Name the velar consonants

A

[kh] [k] [g] [ŋ]

22
Q

Name the glottal consonants

23
Q

Name the plosive consonants

A

[ph] [p] [th] [t] [kh] [k] [ʔ] [b] [d] [g]

24
Q

Name the fricative consonants

A

[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]

25
Name the affricate consonants
[tʃ] [dʒ]
26
Name the lateral consonants
[l]
27
Nam the approximant consonants
[r] [w] [j]
28
Name the nasal consonants
[n] [m] [ŋ]
29
Explain what determines the articulation of plosive consonants
Articulatory organs form obstruction; air stream is held up; sudden release of air
30
Explain what determines the articulation of fricative consonants
Articulatory organs brought so close together that friction of air steam occurs
31
Explain what determines the articulation of affricate consonants
Plosive with friction during release stage
32
Explain what determines the articulation of lateral consonants
Partial closure so that air stream can escape on one or both sides of obstruction
33
Explain what determines the articulation of approximant consonants
Contraction of tongue; air stream can escape without friction
34
Explain what determines the articulation of nasal consonants
Air stream released through nose; articulatory organs form obstruction
35
Explain aspiration
a short airstream follows the articulation
36
Name the three aspects used to describe vowels
place of the highest point of the tongue degree of lip rounding length
37
Explain the difference between monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs
monophthongs no change in quality of vowel sound over duration diphthongs involving glide from one position to another triphthongs involving a glide from one position to another and then yet another
38
List the diphthongs
``` closing sounds [eɪ] in say [aʊ] in now [aɪ] in hi [ɔɪ] in boy ``` centring sounds [ɪə] in here [ea] in air [ʊə] in sure
39
What are cardinal vowels?
idealized realizations of vowel qualities | > system of cardinal vowels serves as reference grid for exact description of vowels in real languages
40
Name the three parts of a syllable and the class of phonemes they consist of
onset > consonant(s) peak > vowel coda > consonant(s) NOTE Syllabic [l̩] and [n̩] can function as peak (little, button)
41
Explain the difference between open and closed syllables
Open syllables end in a vowel sound (buoy, sea) ``` Closed syllables contain coda (boys, girl) ```
42
Name some suprasegmental elements
stress > primary > secondary ``` pitch change > falling > rising > falling-rising > rising reinforcement of a falling tone ``` intonation > variations and direction of pitch accent > type of stress rhythm > stress timed > syllable timed