Word classes (comes under word levels but deserves its own set of cards) Flashcards
Enumerator
Noun. A person or thing that enumerates. It is a number.
Nouns
Name something. Can be the subject of a sentence indirect object, direct object, subject compliment, object compliment, appositive or an adjective.
Pronouns
Used instead of a noun or noun phrase, used when the listener knows what/who is being referred to.
Personal Pronouns (Nominative and Objective)
Refer to a specific person or thing in a sentence
Nominative Personal pronouns: can act as the subject of a sentence: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
Objective Personal Pronouns: act as the objects of a sentence: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that show ownership: my/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers etc
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns are used to show that the subject of the sentence is receiving the action of the verb: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourself, themselves.
Intensive Pronouns
Intensive Pronouns are used only to place emphasis on the subject and are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. They are always placed next to the subject that they’re referring to: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns are used to identify nouns: this, that, these, those.
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns are used only in reference to a question: who, what, which, whom, whose
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are used to connect clarifying information to nouns or other pronouns within a sentence: who, that, which, whom, whoever, whose, whichever, whomever, whatever.
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns are used in reference to a person used to identify a general group of people or things: everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, anybody, somebody, most, all, each, every, some, none, one, few, both, many, several.
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns are used to refer to a mutual set of people: each other, each other’s, one another, one another’s.
Verbs
Verbs refer to actions
Dynamic Verbs
Dynamic verbs describe actions
Stative verbs
Stative verbs refer to feelings or states
Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs are used to change another verb’s mood, voice or tense
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Modal Auxiliary Verbs show capability, possibility or necessity.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal Verbs are those that act as a single verb, usually consisting of a verb and a preposition.
Adjective order
general opinion, specific opinion, size, shape, age, colour, origin, construction
Adverbs
Describe an adjective, verb, another adverb or a sentence.
Temporal Adverbs
Temporal Adverbs describe when the action took place.
Are otherwise known as adverbs of time.
Preposition
Prepositions tell of the relationship between other words in a sentence.
Conjunctions (+three types of conjunction)
Conjunctions connect clauses.
-Coordinating conjunctions: join clauses of equal rank
-Correlative conjunctions: either/or , neither/nor
-subordinating conjunctions: join dependent and independent clauses.
Infinitive verbs
The basic form of a verb that presents an action as an idea or a concept rather than the specific action of a subject. Is usually proceeded by “to”.
“to shout”, “to speak”
Adjective types
comparative: formed, usually, by adding an er inflection, comparing the noun to others, for example, ‘slower’
superlative: formed, usually, by adding est. More definite than comparative, for example, ‘slowest’
base: normal nouns.
types of adverbs
circumstance adverbs: modify verbs, giving details of. time,manner, place and frequency
degree adverbs: modify adjectives and show the degree of the adjective e.g. really, very
sentence adverbs: modify a whole sentence, can act as discourse markers, conjunctions or can express attitude
Adverbials
Phrases that act as adverbs.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A verb is transitive when the action of the verb passes from the subject to the direct object. Intransitive verbs don’t need an object to make sense – they have meaning on their own
Base adjective
do not compare or intensify, just normal adjectives.
main and copular verbs
main: shows the action or state of the subject
copular: joins a subject with an adjective or noun compliment. can be used repeatedly to sound assertive/dogmatic
Epistemic and Deontic modal verbs
Epistemic modal verb: refers to the possibility of something being true
Deontic modal verb: refers to obligation or ability
Epistemic and Deontic modal verbs will often be the same words just being used differently
can, shall, must
Sentence Types
Declarative- makes a statement
Interrogative- asks a question
Imperative- gives a command or a request
Exclamative- expresses strong emotion or surprise
