Word Bank Flashcards
Viscera
Organs in 3 major body cavities (cranial, thoracic, abdomino-pelvic)
CNS
Central Nervous System
Lymph
Interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic system
Superior
Towards upper part of body.
or
Above another body part
Inferior
Towards lower part of body
or
Below another body part
Anterior
AKA ventral
Towards front of body
Posterior
AKA Dorsal
Towards back of body
Superficial
Near surface of body (sometimes relative)
Deep
Further from surface of body (can be relative)
Proximal
Nearer to source
(bicep’s femoris’s origin is proximal to its insertion)
Distal
Further from source
radius is distal to the humerus
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Midline
Vertical line through the centre of the body
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane, dividing body into left and right
Frontal plane
Divides body into front/back or anterior and posterior
Transverse plane
Divides body into top/bottom or superior/anterior- at waist
Name body quadrants
Right Upper,
Right Lower
Left Upper
Left Lower
Cubital
Elbow
Carpal
Wrist
Palmar
Palm
Lumbar
Loin/back
Gluteal
Buttock
Perineal
Taint
Calcaneal
Heel
Plantar
Sole of foot
Popliteal
Back of knee
Occipital
Back of head
Cervical
Back of neck
Cephalic
Head
Cranial
Skull
Pedal
Foot
Tarsal
Ankle
Crural
Leg
Patellar
Front of knee
Femoral
Thigh
Inguinal
Groin
Pelvic
Pelvis
Abdominal
Abdomen
Umbilical
Navel
Costal
Ribs
Axilliary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Mammary
Breast
Thoracic
Chest
Buccal
Cheek
Oral
Mouth
Orbital
Eye
Frontal
Forehead
Posterior
Closer to the back or the back of the body
Term of comparison/ relationship
Superior
Closer to the head
Term of comparison/ relationship
Inferior
Closer to the feet
Term of comparison/ relationship
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
Term of comparison/ relationship
Lateral
Further from the midline
Term of comparison/ relationship
Superficial
Closer to the surface
Term of comparison/ relationship
Deep
Further from the surface
Term of comparison/ relationship
Proximal
Closer to the trunk
Term of comparison/ relationship
Distal
Further from the trunk
Term of comparison/ relationship
Flexion
Bending joint to make angle between 2 bones smaller
Joints: Hips, knees, toes, neck, shoulders, elbow, wrists, fingers, trunk
Term of movement
Extension
Straightening joint to make angle between 2 bones larger
Joints: Hips, knees, toes, neck, shoulders, elbow, wrists, fingers, trunk
Term of movement
Abduction
Moving away from midline
Joints: Hips, shoulders
Term of movement
Adduction
Moving toward midline
Joints: Hips, shoulders
Term of movement
Lateral flexion
Movement of spine
Joint: neck- tilt ear to touch shoulder
Term of movement
Internal rotation
Rotating limb- anterior surface moves medially
Shoulder when you scratch your back
Term of movement
Collagen
Fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue
Epithelial
Type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands
Greek- “epi” means “over” or “outer”
Myocytes
fibres that make up muscle tissue
Integumentary System
Organ consists of skin, hair and nails
Merkel Cell
touch receptors found in the skin- involved in sensation of light touch
Atrioventricular opening
opening between atrium and ventricle of the heart
Carbon dioxide
chemical compound composed of 2 Oxygen Atoms, each bonded to a single carbon atom. CO2 is removed from the body and replaced with oxygen during respiration
C=O C=O
Absorption
the process by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by another.
Digestive system: digested food moves through the intestinal wall and into the blood
Amino acids
building blocks of protein
play key role in transport and storage of nutrients within the body, as well as for waste deposits produced in connection with metabolism
Carbohydrates
One of main types of body nutrients. Two types: simple and complex.
Most important source of energy in the human body. Carbs turn into glucose, (blood sugar). Used for energy in cells, tissue, organs.
Deglutition
swallowing or moving food from mouth to stomach
Digestion
changing composition of food so it can be used by the body
Disaccharides
Any class of sugar whose molecules contain 2 monosaccharide residues
(carbs, lactose, sucrose)
Egestion/Defacation
The end process of eliminating waste or undigested foods at the lower end of the digestive tract
Enzymes
Digestion: break down polymeric macromolecules into smaller building blocks in order to facilitate their absorption by the body
Fats
major sources of energy in the diet
contain more than 2x the number of calories per gram than carbs.
Some fats are essential to the body (insulate, assist with absorption of nutrients, keep skin/hair/nails healthy)
Saturated/trans fats are not generally good for health- cholesterol and heart disease
Fatty acids
building blocks of fat in our bodies and food we eat. Fats are broken down into fatty acids- absorbed into blood
Glycerol
an alcohol that is a component of fats
Ingestion
taking food into the body
Monosaccharides
Any class of sugars that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar
Proteins
Large complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body
Peptones
soluble protein formed in the early stage of protein breakdown during digestion
Polypeptides
consist of large number of amino- acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part or the whole of a protein molecule
Polysaccharides
carbohydrate such as starch, cellulose, glycogen whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together
Fascia
loose or areolar connective tissue that holds muscle fibres together to form a muscle organ
Ligament
elastic connective tissue that supports joints and anchors organs
Morphogenesis
muscles form into internal organs
Muscle fibre
an individual muscle cell
Myofibril
contain protein filaments such as actin and myosin that slide during contraction (shortening of the muscle fibre)
Myogenesis
muscles tissue formation in the embryo
Origin
the immovable attachment of a muscle, or the point at which a muscle is anchored by a tendon to the bone
Sarcoplasm
the cellular cytoplasm in a muscle fibre
Tendon
Connective tissue made up of collagen, a fibrous protein that attaches muscles to bone and lets muscles apply their force at some distance from where a contraction actually takes place
Anoxia
oxygen deficiency in which the cells either don’t have or can’t utilise sufficient oxygen to perform normal functions
Asphyxia
a lack of oxygen with an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues
cillated psuedo stratified epithelium
type of tissue that lines parts of respiratory system (nasal cavity, trachea), covers and protects certain areas of the body with cilia (small hairs) embedded within, capturing particles
Expiration/Exhalation
diaphragm returns to it’s domed shape as the muscle fibres relax and intercostal muscles contract. Ribs are pulled back into place, decreasing volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing pressure, forcing air out of the lungs
Hypoxia
low oxygen content in the inspired air
Inspiration/ inhalation
muscles of the diaphragm, and the external intercostal, contract- pulling the rubs upwards and increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Lung capacity
vital capacity plus the residual air
Mediastinum
Region between the lungs extending from the sternum ventrally (front) to the thoracic vertebrae dorsally (back) and superiorly (top) from the entrance of the thoracic cavity to the diaphragm inferiorly (bottom)
Mucous
slippery secretion produced by and covering mucous membranes. mucous fluid is typically produced from cells found in mucous glands. These cells secrete products that are rich in glycoproteins and water
Phrenic nerve
the nerve that innervates (stimulates) the diaphragm
Pseudostratified
appearing to be striated but is actually only a single layer of cells
Vital capacity
the volume of air moved by the most forceful expiration after a maximum inspiration. It represents the total moveable air in the lungs (4,600 cubic cm in an adult)
Condyle
An oval articular prominence of a bone
Diaphysis
The shaft or central part of a long bone
Epiphysis
the rounded end of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft
Facet
smooth, flat (or nearly) articulating surface
Foramen
Skeletal: a hole
Fossa
Skeletal: a deeper depression
Growth Plate
Region in a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis where growth in length occurs
Head (bone part)
Large, rounded articular end of a bone; often set off from the shaft by a neck
Manubrium
superior region of the sternum that articulates with the clavicle
Process (Skeletal System)
a broad designation for any prominence or prologation
Trochanter
Large, usually blunt process
Tubercle
Smaller, rounded prominence
Tuberosity
large, often rough eminence
Xiphoid Process
lowest part of the sternum, an attachment point for the diaphragm and some abdominal muscles
PNS
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Cranial (directional term)
Towards the head
Caudal (directional term)
Towards tailbone
