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Materials And Hardware > Wooden Structures > Flashcards

Wooden Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Truss-Type wing spar made from?

A

Sitka Spruce

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2
Q

What are spars separated by?

A

Compression joints

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3
Q

What two types of wires are in a Truss-Type wing?

A

Drag wires

Anti-drag wires

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4
Q

What do anti-drag wires do?

A

Oppose the force that would push the wing forward

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5
Q

What does a box spar do?

What loads does it take?

A

Stiffens wing

Takes torsional and bending loads

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6
Q

What are causes of failures in glued structures?

A 
Ageing
Moisture 
Temperature 
Shrinkage 
Fungus 
Oil and fuel leaks 
Drain hole blockage
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7
Q

What will weather do to deteriorate fabrics?

A

Allow moisture in by destroying weather proofing qualities

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8
Q

Where is best to carry out checks? With what removed?

A

Dry, well ventilated hangar with inspection panels and covers removed

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9
Q

What does a musty smell indicate?

A

Dampness, fungus

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10
Q

What will failure of doped fabric do to plywood skin?

A

Deteriorate plywood

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11
Q

What will moisture do?

A

Migrate to lowest point - rot wood

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12
Q

What is an issue when assessing damage?

A

Lack of access

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13
Q

What should be removed when inspecting glue lines?

How?

A

Protective coatings of paint

Scraping

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14
Q

How to probe a joint?

A

Use a feeler gauge

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15
Q

When has a glue joint failed the feeler gauge test?

A

If the feeler gauge penetrates the joint

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16
Q

What are indicators of moisture ingress and decay?

A

Discolouration of bushings and corrosion of screws

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17
Q

What does shrinkage do?

A

Induces stress on members, causes looseness

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18
Q

What to do if elongated bolt holes are visible?

A

Check for looseness

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19
Q

What can cause bruising or crushing of a structure?

A

Over-tightening bolts

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20
Q

How to detect a compression failure?

What does it cause?

A

Shining a light parallel to the grain

Rupture across fibres

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21
Q

What indicates load failure?

A

Joint will break away, leaving splinters

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22
Q

If splintering if not evident, what will be?

A

Glue failure

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23
Q

What is secondary damage?

A

Loads being transmitted to the other end

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24
Q

After cutting timber, how long is it stacked for?

A

60 days

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25
Q

How long is further drying of timber carried out for?

A

Approx 3 years

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26
Q

When are protective coverings over timber needed?

A

When the moisture content is the same as the surrounding atmosphere.

Moisture content should be 15% + or - 2

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27
Q

How is brittleness tested?

A

Using drop-weight or izod test

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28
Q

How is a splitting test carried out?

A

Samples split with blunt chisel to reveal grain direction

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29
Q

What rate growth should be rejected?

A

Less than 6 rings per 25mm

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30
Q

How long should sample testings be kept for?

A

No longer than 2 years

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31
Q

What is rift sawing?

A

Cutting along the radius of the rings

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32
Q

What is tangential sawing?

A

Cutting tangent to the rings

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33
Q

What woods are used for aircraft?

A

Spruce
Douglas Fir
Noble Fir

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34
Q

What does Dote Disease do?

How do you cut a tree with dote disease?

A

Occurs at the base of a living tree

Tree is cut at 10ft or more above ground

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35
Q

Can Blue stain timber be used on aircraft?

How does it occur?

A

No

Can occur after cutting due to moisture

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36
Q

How do you know a tree is decayed?

A

Burnt looking, flaky

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37
Q

What do Synthetic Resin Adhesives normally consist of?

A

Resin and hardener

38
Q

How do you prep plywood surface?

A

Light sanding, remove dust

39
Q

How do you prepare timber surface?

A

Roughened for keying of adhesive

40
Q

What is synthetic resin pot life affected by?

A

Temperature

41
Q

What should all joints be?

A

Clean and kept at room temperature

42
Q

What should adhesive be when pressure is applied?

A

Tacky

43
Q

What is the ideal curing time for adhesive?

A

2 days

44
Q

When applying soft adhesive to hard, what does the soft do and what may it require?

A

Soft will absorb

May require pre-coating and drying of soft

45
Q

What to avoid when assembling?

A

High clamping pressure

46
Q

What will an increase in temperature do to the curing time?

A

Decrease it

47
Q

What determines the cure rate?

A

Temperature of glue line

48
Q

What should fracture faces show in testing?

A

At least 75% of wood fibres fractured

49
Q

Why is a wet test carried out?

A

To test adhesive efficiency

50
Q

If there are no broken fibres, what does this indicate?

A

Glue failure

51
Q

What could cause a glue failure?

A

Mixing or pot life problems

52
Q

What fabrics are used for fabric coating?

A

Unbleached linen or cotton fabric

53
Q

What are cotton tapes used for?

A

To prevent chaffing between structure and fabric and externally where string cording is used

54
Q

What two types of cords are used for stringing?

A

Flax and Nylon

55
Q

What is covered to prevent chaffing?

A

Sharp edges, bolts, screws

56
Q

Two covering methods

A

Prefabricated envelopes

Blanket method

57
Q

What is Balloon (French Fell) seams?

A

Normally specified for fabric joints

58
Q

What is a Lap Seam?

A

Only to be used when specified by manufacturer

59
Q

What is the most commonly used seam?

A

Balloon (French Fell)

60
Q

What is an overhand stitch used for?

A

When sudden changes of section occurs on trailing edges, wing tips, wing root ends

Excess material needed for turning under

3 stitches per cm, a lock stitch every 50mm

61
Q

What is Beeswax used for?

A

Adds lubrication to assist with sewing

62
Q

How to do Flaxing?

A

Single cord normally used unless repair scheme dictates

63
Q

What is Boom Stringing?

A

Used on deep aerofoils, passed around rib boom instead of typical stringing

64
Q

Slip stream areas

A

Diameter of prop plus one rib. If multi-engined, gap between slip stream is also included

65
Q

What are Adhesive and Dope used for?

A

Used on some light aircraft on wings and tail planes to save time and give better finishing

Dope is used on wooden structures

Dope and Adhesive used on metal structures

66
Q

What are draining and stitched draining eyelets put on?

Used for?

A

Doped or stitched on

Stitched used on marine aircraft, stops sea spray getting in

67
Q

What kind of inspection panel needs replaced each time?

A

Woods frames

68
Q

What is a Zip?

What shouldn’t you do?

A

V shaped

Don’t let dope get into them

69
Q

How does a Spring Panel work?

A

Pops out

70
Q

What does a Herving-Bone Stitch do?

A

Repairs straight tears and cuts that have good edges. Must be doped after

71
Q

What is a Woods Frame?

A

Damage with jagged edges

72
Q

When can Darning be used?

A

Holes smaller than 2” wide can be darned

Holes over 4” - use an insertion repair

73
Q

What is a Seyboth Tester?

A

Only single layers are tested

Pressed down until it penetrates the fabric

74
Q

What is a Maule Tester?

A

Spring loaded with blunt point

Pushed down on fabric - if it punctures the fabric, the fabric has failed

75
Q

Most common Man-Made Fabric?

A

Polyester

76
Q

Which two fabrics deteriorate under sunlight?

A

Cotton and Linen

77
Q

What are the two main man-made fabrics?

A

Polyester and Fibreglass

78
Q

Advantages of Man-Made Fabrics?

A

Last longer
Cheaper
Not susceptible to the type of damage natural cloths are

79
Q

What is Doping used for?

A

Tautening
Waterproofing
Airproofing
Light proofing

80
Q

Different types of dope?

A 
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate 
Cellulose Nitrate (Nitrate should not be used on glass fibre)
81
Q

What will dope do to paint?

A

Attack and soften

Use dope-proof paint

82
Q

What does aluminium dope do?

A

Makes fabric lightproof

83
Q

What do thinners do?

A

Allow thinning for spraying

84
Q

What is MEK used for?

A

Cleaning

85
Q

What does the first coat of dope do?

A

Protects against fungus and mildew

86
Q

What are tack rags?

A

Cloths dampened with thinner, used to wipe surfaces after sanding

87
Q

What is sand paper used for?

A

Finishing

88
Q

Safety precautions of dope

A

Low flash point
Vapours
Static build up - ground everything

89
Q

Working conditions for doping

A

Control temperature and humidity (temp 21-26C)
Humidity measured using wet and dry bulb method
Ventilation
Cleanness of all equipment

90
Q

Coats with application to Natural Fabrics

A

Priming coat - should contain fungicide, thinned to ensure proper penetration
Filling coat - Sanded after priming coat, followed by aluminium dope
Finishing coat - Not normally less than 3 coats
Waxed yearly

91
Q

Coats with application to Polyester

A

Priming coat - doesn’t require fungicide
Filling coat
Finishing coat

92
Q

Coats with application to Fibreglass

A

Priming coat - takes about 5 thin coats to prevent peeling, nitrate dope must not be used
Filling coat
Finishing coat

Materials And Hardware (11 decks)

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