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Civil rights > Women - turning points > Flashcards

Women - turning points Flashcards

1
Q

When was Minor v. Happersett and what was it?

A

1875
A SC case that resulted in the right of suffrage not being protected under the 14th Am.

Virginia Minor (NWSA) registered to vote in 1872. Was denied and decided to challenge the decision in court.

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2
Q

What impact did Minor v. Happersett have?

A

Put an end to attempts to gain voting rights and made it seem like a hopeless cause.
It meant campaigners had to change the constitution.
It was a major setback for women.

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3
Q

Why was Minor v. Happersett not a major tp?

A

It was reversed and over ruled by the 19th AM. in 1920. It was not long term.

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4
Q

What was NAWSA and when was it set up?

A

Set up 1890 when NWSA and AWSA merged.

The members were campaigning for women’s right to vote.

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5
Q

What impact did NAWSA have?

A

At first there were no major changes and it achieved little. It also didn’t help all women.

However it eventually led in part to the 19th Am. which made women’s right to vote part of the constitution. Became the League of Women voters.

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6
Q

How significant was NAWSA politically?

A
  • Major organisation
  • Led to women getting the vote - their aim
  • 20 states allowed women to vote by 1918 - before 19th Am.
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7
Q

How significant was NAWSA in terms of socio-cultural change?

A

Demonstrated women could have roles in politics.

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8
Q

What limitations were there of NAWSA?

A

It takes 30yrs and WW1 for them to achieve any significant change.
Only 5% of NAWSA members go on to join LWV.
Doesn’t change social views of women.

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9
Q

When was the 19th Am. and what was it?

A

1920
Made women’s vote a constitutional right.

It was a measure of the role women took on during WW1.

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10
Q

What was the impact of the 19th Am.?

A

The impact was not immediate and it didn’t affect all women - AA women couldn’t vote.

It encouraged political involvement from women and there was a visible increase of women in politics. It couldn’t be reversed and it led to radical feminism in the 70s.

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11
Q

How was the 19th Am. significant politically?

A
  • By 1957, men and women were voting in equal no.s

- There were fairer attitudes/rights for women

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12
Q

How was the 19th Am. significant in terms of socio-cultural change?

A
  • Brought women into public life more

- 1921-9 Shepard T Act = fed. funding for maternity and childcare

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13
Q

What were the limitations of the 19th Am.?

A
  • Didn’t bring lots of women into politics
  • Often voted w/ their hubands
  • The 1st election women could in 1920, only 36% of women could vote compared to 68% of men
  • There were divisions between women about women voting
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14
Q

When was WW2 and how was it significant for women?

A

1942-5
It gave women the opportunity to show that they were capable of being mothers and having a job.
There were 5 million more women in the workforce in 1945 than there was in 1940.

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15
Q

What was the economic significance of WW2 for women?

A
  • 5 mil more in jobs

- 1/3 working outside of the house

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16
Q

What were the economic limitations of WW2 for women?

A
  • Backlash for women working as well as looking after the home
  • GI Bill of rights - returning soldiers into jobs and women pushed out
  • In the 8 weeks after peace was announced 800,000 women lost their jobs
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17
Q

Was there any political change due to womens part in WW2?

A

No. of women in state governments rose from 144 in 1939 to 228 in 1945.
There was little national change.

18
Q

Was there any socio-cultural change for women as a result of WW2?

A

‘Rosie and the Riveter’ shows strength of women
More temporary childcare options available for women so they could work.
No long term gains - 1950s lost any gains they had made.
Still expected to fill female roles.

19
Q

When was the Pill approved by the FDA and what was the immediate impact on women?

A

1960
Created by Margaret Sanger
Available to all women over 18 in the 1970s
Only given to married women at first

20
Q

What was the impact of the Pill?

A

A big change that affected all women. Gave them choice.
Long lasting impacts that meant more career opportunities, sexual freedom and fewer children.
It was enhanced by Roe v. Wade in 1973 - abortion.

21
Q

How was the Pill politically significant for women?

A

By 1986, 56% of women saw themselves as feminists.

There were more political careers for women.

22
Q

How was the Pill economically significant for women?

A
  • Women can focus on work instead of children
  • Women richer
  • Can take more advantage of educational and job opportunities
  • Increase of women in top jobs
  • Career development - promotions, managers
23
Q

How did the Pill not help women economically?

A

Didn’t improve equality in the workplace.

24
Q

What was the socio-cultural significance of the Pill?

A
  • Could get married later
  • More sexual freedom
  • Choice to have children
25
Q

What were the socio-cultural limitations of the Pill?

A
  • At first, only available to married women
  • Frowned upon by some
  • Christian opposition
26
Q

What was second wave feminism and when was it?

A

Began in the 1960s. 1963 - 7.
NOW created 1966
The Feminine Mystique released 1963.
Began taking legal action against discrimination.

27
Q

What was the impact of second wave feminism?

A

Inspired a new movement and more women were involved. It had long term impacts as NOW helped bring about the ERA and CRA updates.

Resulted in Stop ERA and Conservative backlash which slowed development for later radical feminists.

28
Q

How was second wave feminism politically significant?

A
  • Influenced policy passed by Congress - ERA passed 1972

- Lawsuits and court action

29
Q

How was second wave feminism economically significant?

A
  • EPA
  • 1992 49% of women had a job
  • Womens strike highlighted the amount of domestic labour women did
30
Q

How was second wave feminism socio-culturally significant?

A
  • Updated the CRA over time

- 1986 56% of women saw themselves as feminists

31
Q

What are the limitations of second wave feminism?

A
  • ERA not ratified
  • EPA didn’t stop employers giving men better jobs
  • Abortion lost them support
  • Divisions over lesbian rights
32
Q

When was Roe v. Wade and what did it mean for women?

A

1973
Legalised abortion
Brought about by a pregnant single woman

33
Q

What were the impacts of Roe v. Wade?

A
  • Affected all women
  • Changed the situation for the first time since 1865
  • 46/50 states had to change laws
  • Still legal in 1992
34
Q

What was the political significance of Roe v. Wade?

A

Use of the fed. court to change wider situation.

Allowed more women to take on political roles as they didn’t have to worry about unwanted pregnancy or children.

35
Q

What was the economic significance of Roe v. Wade?

A

Similar to the Pill: more job opportunities and educational opportunities, women richer

36
Q

What was the socio-cultural significance of Roe v. Wade?

A

Similar to the Pill: more sexual freedom, can get married later

Before R v. W, 1.2 million women had illegal abortions in the yr before 1973, 5000 died

37
Q

What are the limitations of Roe v. Wade?

A

It is a court case not a law so it can be overturned - not constitutional.
Only 1 clinic per state
Expensive
Hyde Am. bans gov. money from being spent on abortions

38
Q

When was there conservative backlash and what did it mean for women?

A 
1982
Reagan becomes president and the ERA fails
Only 5 states had maternity leave 
Wage discriminations
Die-hard conservative campaigners
47% of women voted for Reagan
39
Q

What was the impact of conservative backlash?

A

Immediate impact and change in direction from progress in the 60s and 70s.
Stop ERA
No new improvements for women until 1992

40
Q

What was the political significance of conservative backlash?

A
  • Moral majority disbands 1991, confident conservatives had won
  • 8% of ppl Reagan appoint are women

However, there is still the Pill, voting rights and abortion rights

41
Q

What was the socio-cultural significance of conservative backlash?

A
  • Hyde Am. = 300,000 women who had paid abortions lost that right
  • Cult of domesticity
42
Q

What was the economic significance of conservative backlash?

A

Only 2/3 women working

However, women stay in work, no big loss of jobs

Civil rights (12 decks)

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