Native Americans - timeline 1862-1992 Flashcards
When was the Homesteads Act?
1862
White settlers on the Great Plains.
When was the Sand Creek Massacre?
1864
When were the Plains Wars?
1862-7
Hostility towards white settlers from many tribes such as the Sioux and the Cheyenne
When was the Union Pacific Railway built?
1865-9
East to West coast
When was the Medicine Lodge Treaty and what did it do?
1867
Agreement between gov and southern Plains tribes to move them onto reservations and away from white settlers.
After 1851 many tribes gave up their tribal lands following treaties in exchange for trust.
How many white settlers’ homesteads and farms occupied how much land as a result of the Homesteads Act?
20,000 settlers on 280 mil acres of land.
Other than the Homesteads Act and Union Pacific, what caused further interventions onto NA land?
The Gold Rush 1848-55
When was the Great Sioux Reserve created?
- Established as part of the Fort Laramie Treaty.
When was the Indians Appropriations Act?
1871
No longer considered members of ‘sovereign nations’ so gov. could no longer make treaties w/ them.
When was the Battle of Little Bighorn?
1876
When was the Dawes Severalty Act?
1887
Around how many NA lived on a reservation?
130k
When was the Fort Laramie Treaty?
1868
How many NA were there in 1900 compared to 1860?
240k in 1860
100k in 1900
When was the Indian Rights Association created?
1882
Founded by non-NA in Philadelphia
When was the massacre at Wounded Knee and what happened?
1890
200 NA tried to leave their reservation but were gunned down
When was the Curtis Act?
1898
How many ppl were in the Navajo tribe in 1900 compared 1868?
22,000 in 1900
8,000 in 1868
What shows the Dawes Act was successful in terms of land?
150 mil acres of land in 1887
78 mil in 1890
When was the Muskogee Convention?
1905
How much land was opened up to white settlers when Congress overruled the Muskogee Convention?
2 million acres of former NA territory
Overall what happened to NA in the period 1862-1900?
Huge decline in autonomy and their freedoms.
Forced off their land, not allowed to express their beliefs and practice their culture. Subject to assimilation.
When was Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock and what did it result in?
1903
The Cherokees demanded to live according to their own culture and ideals.
Congress revoked all treaties made w/ NA and called them ‘wards of the nation’.
When was the Society for American Indians founded?
1911
Campaigned for better education and healthcare.
Insufficient funds and internal divisions on SD or assimilation meant it collapsed in the 1920s.
When was the Indian Citizenship Act?
1924
When was Harrison v. Laveen?
1948
Fed. gov. ruled in favour of NA but many states still refused to allow them to vote
When was the Bursum Bill?
1922
would authorize the acquisition of Pueblo lands.
How many NA had the right to vote by 1924 as a result of the DA and interracial marriages?
2/3
How many NA participated in WW1?
100k
What % of reservation land owned by white settlers by the 1920s?
80%
When was the Dance Order and what did it do?
1923
SC threatened to ban tribal dances of the Pueblo NA
When was the American Indian Defense Association founded and what Bills do they block?
1923 by Collier
Blocked the Bursum Bill and the Leavitt Bill (Dance Order)
When was the Merriam Report and what did it do?
1929
Condemned governments allotment policy although it did not condemn assimilation.
When was Charles Rhoads appointed Indian Commissioner by Hoover and why did this show presidents being more sympathetic towards NA?
1929
Rhoads supported the Merriam Report.
What did Charles Rhoads do as Commissioner for Indian Affairs?
Closed unpopular boarding schools and increased fed. funding for medical facilities.
However didn’t address issues of allotment policy and halted by Great Depress ‘29.
When was the Wheeler Howard Act?
Aka Indian Reorganization Act
1934
When was the the National Congress of American Indians founded?
1944
How many NA left reservations to serve in the armed forces during WW2?
100k
How many NA left reservations to work in urban areas in WW2?
75k
When was the ICC founded?
1946
When did the BIA set up job replacements in Denver and LA?
1948
How many petitions were filed to the ICC?
370
When did Termination Policy begin?
1953
Aimed for total assimilation
When was the Indian Vocational Training Act?
1956
When was Johnsons ‘Forgotten American’ speech and what did it propose?
1968
A National Council on Indian Opportunity to help children get gov. funded education. Would also provide legal aid and help NA understand their rights.
How many NAs moved to urban areas by 1960?
60,000
Faced discrimination and white hostility
In 1968, what showed the Indian Vocational Training Act had failed?
Highest rates of illiteracy and unemployment in US.
When did the Red Power movement and native sovereignty emerge?
1960s
When did president Kennedy vouch to improve resources on reservations?
1960s
What % of NAs classed as poor in 1925?
25%
What % of NA returned to reservations because they hated urbanised environments?
40-70%
When was the National Indian Youth Council founded and what did it signal?
1961
Signaled more militant protests.
When was the Indian Civil Rights Act?
1968
When was a fish-in staged in Washington after SC failed to uphold hunting rights?
1968
When was AIM founded?
1968
What did Nixon do in 1969?
- Appoint Louis R. Bruce Jnr. as Commissioner for Indian Affairs
- Pledges to return NA land
When was the siege of Alcatraz?
1969-71
What did NA pay the gov. for Alcatraz?
$24 in cloth and beads
How many NA were on Alcatraz at the start of the siege?
14
How many NA visited Alcatraz 1969-71?
Over 100,000
When does Nixon give a speech criticising gov.s treatment of NA?
1970
When was NARF founded?
1970
When did Nixon give NAs preference of employment in the BIA and what did it mean?
1972
Greater NA involvement in administration of fed. funding
When was the Indian Education Act?
1972
When did SC begin to take up Nixon’s work?
1974
When was the occupation of Mount Rushmore?
1971
When did AIM occupy the BIA?
1972
When did AIM occupy Wounded Knee?
1973
When was the Indian Self Determination Act and Education Assistance Act?
1975
When was the American Indian Policy Review Commission founded?
1975
Dealt w/ historical relationship between NA and gov.
When was Oneida v. Oneida and Madison Counties, New York?
1975
SC ruled Oneida had rights to make land claims and sue the court.
When was Fischer v. Montana?
1976
Gave NA parents full rights to decide on family matters like adoption and foster care.
When was the NA Religious Freedom Act?
1978
When was the Indian Child Welfare Act?
1978
When did Reagan’s ‘native capitalism’ attitude begin?
1980s
When was United States v. The Sioux Nation?
1980
Ruled Sioux entitled to $17.5mil compensation for loss of Black Hills. Sioux refused this outcome.
When was Seminole Tribe v. Butterworth?
1982
Right of NA to establish gambling enterprises on reservations that were banned by state laws.
When was Charrier v. Bell?
1986
Protected NA burial grounds leading to 30 states passing similar laws to treat NA burial grounds w/ respect.
Lead to 1990 Act.
When was the NA Grave Protection Act?
1990
