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Pharmacology 2025 > Women's Health > Flashcards

Women's Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular (Proliferative) Phase and Luteal (Secretory) Phase.

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2
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

Endometrium thickens due to rising estrogen; FSH stimulates follicle maturation; LH surge triggers ovulation (~Day 14).

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3
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone to stabilize the endometrium; if no fertilization, progesterone drops, leading to menstruation.

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4
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

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5
Q

What is the normal length of the menstrual cycle and normal blood loss?

A

21-35 days; 20-80cc blood loss over 3-7 days.

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6
Q

Define polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, menorrhagia, and dysmenorrhea.

A

Polymenorrhea: Cycles <21 days; Oligomenorrhea: Cycles >35 days; Amenorrhea: No period for >180 days; Menorrhagia: Heavy menstrual flow; Dysmenorrhea: Painful periods due to prostaglandins.

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7
Q

What are examples of estrogens used in therapy?

A

Estradiol, Ethinyl estradiol, Conjugated estrogens (Premarin).

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of estrogens?

A

Activates estrogen receptors, regulates gene transcription.

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9
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of estrogens?

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), contraception, osteoporosis prevention.

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10
Q

Name three Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs).

A

Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, Clomiphene.

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of SERMs?

A

Estrogen agonist/antagonist depending on the tissue.

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12
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of SERMs?

A

Breast cancer prevention, osteoporosis, infertility.

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13
Q

Name three progestins used in therapy.

A

Medroxyprogesterone, Norethindrone, Levonorgestrel.

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of progestins?

A

Inhibits gonadotropins (FSH, LH), thickens cervical mucus.

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15
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of progestins?

A

Contraception, HRT, dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

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16
Q

What are examples of androgens used in therapy?

A

Testosterone, Danazol.

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of androgens?

A

Androgen receptor activation.

18
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of androgens?

A

Hypogonadism, endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease.

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of combined oral contraceptives (COCs)?

A

Suppresses ovulation, thickens cervical mucus.

20
Q

Name examples of COCs.

A

Ethinyl estradiol + Norethindrone, Levonorgestrel.

21
Q

What are examples of contraceptive patches & rings?

A

Xulane patch, NuvaRing.

22
Q

How do patches & rings work?

A

Same as COCs but transdermal or vaginal.

23
Q

What is the mechanism of progestin-only pills (mini-pills)?

A

Thickens cervical mucus, suppresses ovulation.

24
Q

Name a progestin-only pill.

A

Norethindrone.

25
Q

What are examples of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs)?

A

Depo-Provera (injection), Nexplanon (implant), Mirena IUD.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of LARCs?

A

Inhibits ovulation, thickens cervical mucus.

27
Q

What are examples of emergency contraception?

A

Plan B (Levonorgestrel), Ulipristal (Ella).

28
Q

How do emergency contraceptives work?

A

Prevents ovulation, may inhibit implantation.

29
Q

What are adverse effects of COCs?

A

Increased risk of thromboembolism, breast tenderness, nausea.

30
Q

How are COCs metabolized?

A

Metabolized by the liver, enterohepatic circulation.

31
Q

What are common adverse effects of progestin-only pills?

A

Irregular bleeding, weight gain, mood changes.

32
Q

What are examples of estrogen therapy (ET) drugs?

A

Estradiol, Conjugated Estrogens.

33
Q

What are risks associated with estrogen therapy?

A

DVT, stroke, breast cancer.

34
Q

What are examples of estrogen + progestin therapy (EPT) drugs?

A

Prempro, Activella.

35
Q

What are examples of non-hormonal treatments for menopausal symptoms?

A

Paroxetine, Clonidine, Gabapentin.

36
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

A

Azithromycin 1g PO x1 or Doxycycline 100mg BID x7d.

37
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhea?

A

Ceftriaxone 250mg IM + Azithromycin 1g PO x1.

38
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicillin G 2.4 million U IM x1.

39
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial vaginosis?

A

Metronidazole 500mg PO BID x7d.

40
Q

What is the treatment for trichomoniasis?

A

Metronidazole 2g PO x1.

41
Q

What is the treatment for herpes simplex (HSV)?

A

Acyclovir 400mg TID x7-10d or Valacyclovir.

42
Q

What are treatments for HPV?

A

Imiquimod, Podofilox (3x/week up to 16 weeks).

Pharmacology 2025 (6 decks)

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