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GAD101 > Women, Development, and the World > Flashcards

Women, Development, and the World Flashcards

1
Q

refers to an awareness and understanding of the ways in which gender roles, norms, and expectations shape the experiences and opportunities of individuals and groups

A

Gender Sensitivity

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2
Q

involves recognizing that gender is a social construct that affects all aspects of life, including education, work, health, and politics

A

Gender Sensitivity

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3
Q

involves being aware of the ways in which gender intersects with other forms of identity and inequality, such as race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality

A

Gender Sensitivity

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4
Q

involves being mindful of the ways in which gender shapes our interactions with others and our perceptions of the world around us

A

Gender Sensitivity

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5
Q

using gender-inclusive language, challenging gender stereotypes and biases, and creating inclusive environments that promote gender equality and respect for all individuals

A

Gender Sensitivity

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6
Q

helps to promote gender equality and empower individuals and groups who have historically been marginalized or excluded based on their gender

A

Gender Sensitivity

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7
Q

(3) Efforts to Promote Gender Sensitivity

A
  • training and education programs for individuals and organizations
  • policy and programmatic changes that promote gender equality and respect for diversity
  • public awareness campaigns that challenge harmful gender stereotypes and biases
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8
Q

a complex and multifaceted issue that encompasses a range of social, economic, and political factors

A

Women, Development, and the World

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9
Q

have faced significant challenges and barriers to achieving equality and empowerment in many societies around the world historically

A

women

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10
Q

one of the key ways in which women have been empowered

A

access to education

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11
Q

can help to break down gender stereotypes and promote more equitable attitudes towards women

A

education

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12
Q

(3) Unique Health Challenges Face by Women

A
  • maternal mortality
  • sexual and reproductive health issues
  • gender-based violence
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13
Q

can improve women’s overall health and well-being, and enable them to participate more fully in social, economic, and political life

A

providing access to healthcare

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14
Q

(3) Range of other Interventions that can Promote Women’s Development

A
  • microfinance programs
  • women’s entrepreneurship initiatives
  • legal and policy reforms that promote gender equality
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15
Q

Significant Challenges Faced by Women in Work

A
  • accessing formal employment
  • achieving equal pay for equal work
  • advancing to leadership positions in the workplace
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16
Q

one of the key factors that has helped to promote gender equality in the workplace

A

increasing participation of women in the labor force

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17
Q

Factors that Drive Women’s Participation in the Labor Force

A
  • changing social attitudes towards women’s roles
  • improvements in education and access to training
  • the need for two-income households
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18
Q

Key Challenges Faced by Woman in Work

A
  • discrimination in hiring and promotion
  • gender-based harassment and violence
  • limited access to training and development opportunities
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19
Q

“double burden” of women make it difficult to advance in the workplace

A

balancing work and caregiving responsibilities

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20
Q

Efforts to Promote Women’s Participation in the Workforce

A
  • paid parental leave
  • flexible work arrangements
  • gender quotas for leadership positions
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21
Q

women’s labor force participation rate

A

47.7%

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22
Q

men’s labor force participation rate

A

74.2%

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23
Q

wage gap of women from men even when controlling for factors such as education and experience

A

women - 16% less than men

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24
Q

more likely to be employed in the informal sector where they often have limited social protections and are more vulnerable to exploitation

A

women

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25
Q

percentage of managerial positions hold by women globally

A

28%

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26
Q

unpaid care work performed by women

A

childcare & household chores

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27
Q

less common and tend to be smaller businesses

A

women-owned businesses

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28
Q

disproportionately affected women’s employment

A

pandemic

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29
Q

sectors that have been hardest hit where women more likely to work

A

hospital & retail

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30
Q

a critical factor in promoting women’s empowerment and gender equality

A

education

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31
Q

enables women to acquire knowledge, skills, and competencies that can help them to participate more fully in social, economic, and political life

A

access to education

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32
Q

global literacy rate for women aged 15 and above

A

86.3%

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33
Q

global literacy rate for men

A

90.0%

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34
Q

(3) Factors that Contribute to Gender Disparities in Access to Education

A
  • poverty
  • child marriage
  • cultural attitudes toward girls’ education
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35
Q

course where women were particularly underrepresented

A

STEM

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36
Q

Economic Benefits of Education for Women

A
  • increased participation in the labor force
  • higher wages
  • improved health outcomes
  • greater decision-making power within their families and communities
  • improved economic security for themselves and their families
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37
Q

Efforts to Promote Women’s Education

A
  • providing free primary education
  • promoting girls’ enrollment and retention in school
  • addressing barriers to education such as child marriage and poverty
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38
Q

percentage of girls enrolled in primary education globally

A

90%

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39
Q

percentage of boys enrolled in primary education globally

A

92%

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40
Q

percentage of girls enrolled in secondary education globally

A

77%

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41
Q

percentage of boys enrolled in secondary education globally

A

84%

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42
Q

percentage of women enrolled in STEM fields globally

A

35%

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43
Q

Social Benefits of Education for Women

A
  • improved health outcomes
  • increased decision-making power within their families and communities
  • reduced vulnerability to gender-based violence
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44
Q

Women’s Unique Reproductive Health Needs

A
  • menstrual health
  • contraception
  • preconception care
  • pregnancy
  • childbirth
  • menopause
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45
Q

(4) Essentials for Maintaining Reproductive Health

A
  • Regular gynecological exams
  • Pap smears
  • breast exams
  • screenings for sexually transmitted infections
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46
Q

Essentials for Maintaining Reproductive Health

A
  • Regular gynecological exams
  • Pap smears
  • breast exams
  • screenings for sexually transmitted infections
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47
Q

Significant Events in a Woman’s Life

A

pregnancy & childbirth

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48
Q

Crucial for Both the Mother and Baby’s Well-being

A
  • ensuring access to prenatal care
  • proper nutrition
  • exercise
  • emotional support
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49
Q

monitor the mother’s physical and mental recovery after childbirth

A

Postpartum Care

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50
Q

(3) play a crucial role in early detection and treatment of breast cancer

A
  • self-breast examinations
  • clinical breast exams
  • mammograms
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51
Q

leading cause of death among women

A

Heart Disease

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52
Q

(5) Important for Cardiovascular Health

A
  • regular check-ups
  • maintaining a healthy weight
  • exercising
  • managing stress
  • not smoking
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53
Q

(3) Mental Health Conditions Susceptible to Women

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • eating disorders
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54
Q

(3) Contribute to Mental Health Challenges

A
  • hormonal changes during different stages of life
  • societal pressures
  • various life stressors
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55
Q

(2) Essential for Maintaining Mental Well-being

A
  • seeking professional help
  • building a strong support system
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56
Q

a condition characterized by weakened bones

A

Osteoporosis

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57
Q

(3) Help Prevent or Manage Osteoporosis

A
  • adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
  • weight-bearing exercises
  • regular bone density screenings
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58
Q

(3) Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Rights

A
  • access to contraception,
  • safe abortion services
  • comprehensive sexual education
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59
Q

(2) Vital Aspects of Women’s Health

A
  • advocacy for reproductive rights
  • addressing gender inequalities
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60
Q

(3) Violence Against Women that has severe physical and psychological consequences

A
  • domestic violence
  • sexual assault
  • female genital mutilation
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61
Q

(3) Critical for Addressing Violence Against Women

A
  • ensuring women’s safety
  • providing support services
  • promoting gender equality
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62
Q

number of women died during pregnancy and childbirth in 2017 (WHO)

A

approximately 295,000

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63
Q

accounted for approximately 86% of global maternal deaths in 2017

A

Sub-Saharan Africa & Southern Asia

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64
Q

global maternal deaths in 2017 in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia

A

approximately 86%

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65
Q

at higher risk of complications and death related to pregnancy and childbirth

A

adolescent girls under the age of 15

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66
Q

number of women of reproductive age who want to avoid pregnancy that are not using modern contraceptive globally

A

estimated 214 million

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67
Q

contribute to maternal morbidity and mortality

A

unsafe abortions

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68
Q

number of unsafe abortions that are estimated to occur annually, predominantly in low-income countries

A

approximately 25 million

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69
Q

leading causes of death among women worldwide

A

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs):
* cardiovascular diseases
* cancers
* diabetes
* chronic respiratory diseases

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70
Q

percentage of female deaths globally where NCDs are accounted for in 2017

A

approximately 62%

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71
Q

leading cause of disability among women globally

A

Depression

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72
Q

women living with HIV globally in 2019

A

approximately 19.3 million - 48% of all adult

73
Q

disproportionately affected by HIV with higher infection rates compared to their male counterparts

A

young women aged 15-24 years old

74
Q

women that have experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime, often perpetrated by an intimate partner globally

A

1 in 3 women

75
Q

increases the risk of adverse health outcomes for women

A

Intimate Partner Violence

76
Q

(3) Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes for Women Caused by an Intimate Partners

A
  • physical injuries
  • mental health disorders
  • increased vulnerability to HIV infection
77
Q

most common cancer among women worldwide

A

Breast Cancer

78
Q

new cases of breast cancer that were diagnosed globally in 2020

A

estimated 2.3 million

79
Q

(4) Efforts to Improve Women’s Health

A
  • addressing socio-cultural factors
  • promoting access to quality healthcare services
  • ensuring reproductive rights
  • addressing gender inequalities.
80
Q

violates women’s fundamental human rights, including the rights to life, security, dignity, equality, and freedom from discrimination

A

Violence Against Women

81
Q

perpetuates gender inequality and undermines efforts towards gender equity and women’s empowerment

A

Violence Against Women

82
Q

(5) Forms of Violence Against Women

A
  • physical violence
  • sexual violence
  • emotional violence
  • psychological violence
  • economic and cultural discrimination
83
Q

(5) Different Settings where VAW occurs

A
  • families
  • intimate relationships
  • communities
  • workplaces
  • during armed conflicts
84
Q

(7) Common Forms of Violence Against Women

A
  • domestic violence
  • sexual assault and rape
  • human trafficking
  • female genital mutilation
  • honor killings
  • forced marriages
  • harassment in public spaces
85
Q

(4) Acts that Drive VAW

A
  • power imbalances
  • patriarchal attitudes
  • cultural norms
  • deeply entrenched gender inequalities
86
Q

(4) Efforts to Address Violence Against Women

A
  • legal measures
  • social interventions
  • educational programs
  • awareness campaigns
87
Q

(3) play a crucial role in advocating for policy reforms

A
  • civil society organizations
  • women’s rights activists
  • international bodies
88
Q

(4) Works of VAW

A
  • challenge harmful gender stereotypes
  • promote gender-sensitive education
  • empower women economically
  • foster a culture of respect and gender equality.
89
Q

Root Causes of VAW

A

gender inequality & harmful social norms

90
Q

(2) Comprehensive Approach to Eliminate VAW

A
  • engaging men and boys as allies in the fight against violence
  • promoting healthy and respectful relationships
91
Q

women that has experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime globally

A

1 in 3 women

92
Q

prevalence of VAW in some countries

A

exceeding 70%

93
Q

women has experienced sexual violence at some point in their lives worldwide

A

1 in 5 women

94
Q

women that have experienced sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner

A

approximately 35%

95
Q

refers to the intentional killing of women based on their gender

A

Femicide

96
Q

women that are killed every day globally by a family member or intimate partner

A

137 women (estimated)

97
Q

(2) Causes of Femicide

A
  • domestic violence
  • dowry-related disputes
98
Q

percentage of women and girls in all victims of human trafficking

A

about 72%

99
Q

most common form of trafficking for women

A

sexual exploitation

100
Q

affects over 200 million girls and women in 31 countries, primarily in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

A

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

101
Q

number of girls and women affected by FGM in 31 countries

A

over 200 million

102
Q

girls married before the age of 18 each year

A

estimated 12 million

103
Q

women has experienced some form of sexual harassment at work globally

A

1 in 3 women

104
Q

(4) Factors that Prevent Survivors of VAW from Seeking Help or Justice

A
  • underreporting
  • social stigma
  • legal barriers
  • fear of reprisal
105
Q

(4) Efforts to Combat Violence Against Women

A
  • addressing the immediate impact on survivors
  • working to change societal norms
  • promote gender equality
  • create safe and supportive environments for women to thrive
106
Q

percentage of ever-married Filipino women aged 15-49 that have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence from their current or most recent partner in 2017 (NDHS)

A

approximately 26%

107
Q

NDHS

A

National Demographic and Health Survey

108
Q

reported cases of violence against women from 2010-2019 (PNP)

A

281,258 cases

109
Q

reported cases of rape in 2020 (PSA)

A

14,895 cases

110
Q

ever-married women aged 15-49 that have experienced sexual violence by their current or most recent partner in 2017 (NDHS)

A

13%

111
Q

reported cases of online gender-based violence in the Philippines from 2016-2020 (FMA)

A

271 cases

112
Q

FMA

A

Foundation for Media Alternatives

113
Q

women in the country have experienced some form of online harassment or violence reported by University of the Philippines Center for Women’s and Gender Studies

A

7 in 10 women

114
Q

cases of human trafficking with the majority of victims being women and children reported by PH Gov’t’s IACAT from 2014-2020

A

8,422 cases

115
Q

is still not explicitly criminalized in the Philippines, which poses challenges in accurately capturing statistics on this specific form of violence

A

Marital Rape

116
Q

(5) Sexual Violence and Gender-Based Violence (GBV) during Armed Conflict

A
  • rape
  • sexual slavery
  • forced prostitution
  • sexual mutilation
  • other forms of sexual violence
117
Q

Perpetrators of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict

A
  • armed forces
  • militias
  • civilians
118
Q

often used as a weapon of war to intimidate, demoralize, and exert control over communities

A

Sexual Violence

119
Q

exposes women to heightened risks of violence, exploitation, and human trafficking

A

displacement

120
Q

(3) Factors that Make Women and Girls Vulnerable in Refugee Camps or Temporary Shelters

A
  • inadequate security
  • limited access to healthcare
  • poor sanitation facilities
121
Q

(3) Essential Services that Armed Conflict Disrupts

A
  • healthcare
  • education
  • clean water sanitation
122
Q

(3) Critical Roles Played by Women in Armed Conflict

A
  • peacebuilding
  • conflict resolution
  • post-conflict reconstruction
123
Q

emphasize the importance of women’s participation and protection in conflict affected areas

A

International frameworks, such as United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security

124
Q

seats in national parliaments worldwide held by women as of 2021 according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

A

average of 25%

125
Q

(3) countries having the highest proportions of women in parliament

A
  • Rwanda
  • Bolivia
  • Cuba
126
Q

(4) Barriers and Challenges Faced by Women When Entering and Progressing in Political Careers

A
  • gender bias
  • discriminatory norms
  • limited access to resources and networks
  • violence and harassment
127
Q

(2) often reinforce traditional gender roles, which can discourage women from pursuing political leadership positions

A
  • stereotypes
  • cultural expectations
128
Q

(5) Intersecting Factors that Influence Experiences and Challenges Faced by Women in Politics

A
  • race
  • ethnicity
  • socio-economic status
  • disability
  • sexual orientation
129
Q

often face additional barriers and discrimination, limiting their representation and opportunities in political spheres

A

women from marginalized groups

130
Q

leads to more inclusive decision-making processes and policies suggested by research

A

increased women’s representation in politics

131
Q

(5) Issues Prioritized by Women in Power

A
  • gender equality
  • education
  • healthcare
  • social welfare
  • peacebuilding
132
Q

can enhance governance effectiveness and strengthen democracy

A

diverse and gender-balanced legislatures

133
Q

Measures to Promote Women’s Political Participation

A
  • quotas
  • gender mainstreaming policies
  • gender-sensitive electoral systems
134
Q

seats held by women in the House of Representatives as of 2019 elections (PH)

A

86/304 seats - approximately 28% of the total seats

135
Q

women in the Senate as of the 2021 (PH)

A

7/24 senators - approximately 29% of the seats

136
Q

(2) Female Pres. of PH History

A
  • Corazon Aquino - 11th Pres. (1986-1992)
  • Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo - 14th Pres. (2001-2010)
137
Q

mandates the reservation of at least one-third of all seats for women in local legislative councils in the PH

A

Local Government Code of 1991

138
Q

elective local government positions, including mayors, vice-mayors, and council members held by women as of 2019

A

around 33%

139
Q

promotes women’s participation and representation in decision-making bodies, including political and public life

A

Magna Carta of Women enacted in 2009

140
Q

(4) Barriers that Hinder Women’s Political Participation

A
  • traditional gender roles
  • limited access to resources
  • gender-based violence and harassment
  • cultural norms
141
Q

(3) Efforts that Address Challenges in Women’s Political Participation

A
  • awareness campaigns
  • capacity-building programs
  • promotion of gender-responsive governance
142
Q

refers to the unequal treatment, prejudice, and disadvantages faced by girls solely based on their gender

A

discrimination against the girl-child

143
Q

occurs across various aspects of life and can manifest in different ways

A

discrimination against the girl-child

144
Q

a violation of human rights and a significant form of discrimination

A

Child Marriage

145
Q

denies girls the opportunity to pursue education, exposes them to health risks, perpetuates cycles of poverty, and limits their overall development and empowerment

A

Child Marriage

146
Q

(4) Effects Faced by Girls in Discrimination in Health and Nutrition

A
  • inadequate healthcare
  • malnutrition
  • higher child mortality rates
  • limited access to reproductive health services
147
Q

(3) Economic Opportunities Limit by Gender Discrimination

A
  • employment
  • entrepreneurship
  • financial resources
148
Q

(5) Crucial Steps Toward Achieving A More Equitable and Inclusive Society

A
  • promoting gender equality
  • implementing and enforcing laws that protect girls’ rights
  • improving access to education and healthcare
  • challenging harmful cultural practices
  • empowering girls to voice their needs and aspirations
149
Q

contributes to the conservation and preservation of the environment

A

women’s knowledge of local ecosystems and sustainable practices

150
Q

(3) natural resources where women are often primary caregivers and responsible for managing

A
  • water
  • fuelwood
  • agriculture
151
Q

play a crucial role in agricultural production and food security, especially in rural areas

A

women

152
Q

(3) contributions of women in agriculture and food security

A
  • farming
  • food processing
  • household nutrition
153
Q

(3) climate change impacts that can have direct implications for women’s livelihoods and food security

A
  • extreme weather events
  • changing rainfall patterns
  • reduced crop yields
154
Q

(3) significant health consequences for women

A
  • exposure to indoor air pollution from cooking fuels
  • waterborne diseases due to inadequate sanitation
  • chemical exposures in certain occupations
155
Q

(2) have adverse health effects on women

A
  • environmental degradation
  • pollution
156
Q

(3) Environmental Activism and Leadership by Women

A
  • conservation
  • sustainable development
  • climate justice
157
Q

Women’s leadership in environmental movements brings _____ (3)

A
  • diverse perspectives
  • knowledge
  • approaches to address environmental challenges
158
Q

(5) can contribute to more effective and inclusive environmental policies and practices

A
  • recognizing the importance of gender equality in environmental sustainability
  • empowering women through education
  • economic opportunities
  • access to resources
  • decision-making roles
159
Q

(3) Women’s Experience During and After Disasters

A
  • limited mobility
  • face higher risks of violence and exploitation
  • have specific health needs
160
Q

major concerns in disaster situations

A

women’s health and safety

161
Q

(3) people that require specialized support and access to reproductive healthcare services

A
  • pregnant women
  • new mothers
  • women with specific healthcare needs
162
Q

(3) factors that further exacerbate health risks for women in disaster-affected areas

A
  • inadequate sanitation facilities
  • lack of privacy
  • limited access to hygiene products
163
Q

often lead to forced displacement with women and girls comprising a significant proportion of displaced populations

A

disasters

164
Q

Women face heightened risks of _____, ____, and _____ in camps and temporary shelters.

A
  • sexual and gender-based violence
  • trafficking
  • exploitation
165
Q

Gender-Responsive Disaster Risk Reduction

A

recognizing and addressing the:
* specific needs
* capacities
* vulnerabilities of women, girls, and marginalized groups

166
Q

(4) agents of change in disaster management

A
  • promoting gender equality
  • improving access to education and healthcare
  • strengthening women’s leadership
  • empowering women
167
Q

(3) vital roles played by women in indigenous communities

A
  • preserving cultural heritage
  • sustaining traditional knowledge
  • contributing to community well-being
168
Q

often serve as custodians of cultural traditions, passing down knowledge, language, rituals, and traditional practices to younger generations

A

indigenous women

169
Q

(3) essential roles played by indigenous women

A
  • preserving cultural identity
  • maintaining connections to ancestral lands
  • ensuring the continuity of indigenous cultures
170
Q

(3) Participation of Indigenous Women in Community Leadership

A
  • decision-making processes contribute to governance structures
  • advocate for the rights and interests of their communities
171
Q

possess by indigenous women that encompasses deep understandings of ecosystems, natural resources, and sustainable practices

A

traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)

172
Q

(4) diverse livelihood activities that sustain communities

A
  • subsistence farming
  • artisanal crafts
  • gathering medicinal plants
  • maintaining traditional industries
173
Q

(5) challenges faced by indigenous women

A
  • discrimination
  • marginalization
  • poverty
  • limited access to education and healthcare
  • violence
174
Q

(4) Advocacy of Indigenous Women

A
  • indigenous rights
  • land rights
  • self-determination
  • social justice
175
Q

(3) Issues Highlighted in Local, National, and International activism of Indigenous Women

A
  • environmental protection
  • cultural rights
  • rights of indigenous women and girls
176
Q

(4) efforts to support and empower women in indigenous communities

A
  • respecting and valuing their traditional knowledge and roles
  • promoting gender equality and inclusivity
  • addressing systemic inequalities
  • engaging in collaborative partnerships that center indigenous women’s voices and leadership
177
Q

(4) key Considerations for Addressing Gender-Specific Concerns and Promoting Gender Equality in Disaster management and Response

A
  1. Ensuring the active participation of women in decision-making processes and integrating a gender perspective into disaster risk reduction strategies.
  2. Providing gender-responsive humanitarian assistance, including safe spaces for women, access to reproductive health services, and psychosocial support.
  3. Recognizing and supporting the roles and contributions of women in disaster resilience, including their traditional knowledge, caregiving responsibilities, and community leadership.
  4. Strengthening women’s access to education, economic opportunities, and resources to enhance their resilience and capacity to cope with and recover from disasters
178
Q

(3) significant contributions of women in education

A
  • research
  • teaching
  • advancing educational policies and reforms
179
Q

(3) industries where woman achieved success

A
  • technology
  • fashion
  • hospitality

GAD101 (6 decks)

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