Women

Question 1

Key mass Parisian movements

Answer 1

Storming of the Bastille 14 July 1789
October Days (5th) 1789
Champ de Mars petition (1792)

Question 2

October Days

Answer 2

5th, 1789. Depicted as mad murderors, and class distinctions in prints. Demanded bread and sanctioning of decrees (Declaration and August decrees). Invaded National Assembly.

Question 3

1795

Answer 3

Germinal-prairial uprisings against the Thermidorean Convention: resulted in women being ordered to remain in their homes and groups of 5+ to be dispersed by force if necessary. Had demanded bread and return to 1793 constitution. Failed bc. No pop. Socs.

Question 4

Germinal-prairial uprisings:

Answer 4

1795, S-C’s movement. Against Thermidorian convention bc of abandonment of controlled economy resulted in soaring prices and inflation. Stimulated by a pamphlet. Females initiated food riots, went to Tuileries and made demands but insufficient leadership meant they were expelled. Resulted in execution of 12 Deputies and end of S-c movement.

Question 5

Sieyès’ “What is the Third Estate?”

Answer 5

Excludes women (alongside poor men/beggars) because they are likely to be influenced by their masters. “…political liberty…has it’s limits, just as civil liberty has…”

Question 6

Condorcet

Answer 6

Girondin; consistently supported women’s rights via improved education and then suffrage. No taxation without representation! Female property qualifications.

Question 7

Society of Revolutionary Republican Women

Answer 7

Spring 1789; expanded previous salons. Demanded the right to be armed and be active citizens.

Question 8

Pamphlets/publications

Answer 8

Feminist activity. Some argued that just as the third estate couldn’t be represented by nobles, women couldn’t be represented by men.

Question 9

Divorce

Answer 9

First made legal 1792. (92-03: 1 divorce for every 4 marriages). Could be on the grounds of: mutual consent, insanity, immorality, indiv assertion of incompatibility. Women’s personal property retained (unless immoral), children equally split.

Question 10

Active/passive citizens

Answer 10

1789: 25+, property qualifications. Couldn’t bear arms if passive, or join national guard.

Question 11

Rights?

Answer 11

Equal inheritance laws, majority aged 21, 1782: fathers could no longer object to marriages after majority age.

Question 12

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Answer 12

By Lafayette, male form ‘citoyen’ ie. Inherently gendered.

Question 13

1793

Answer 13

Women’s clubs and pop socs outlawed. Some still attended male clubs (mainly upper classes)

Question 14

Amar

Answer 14

Report 1793: women couldn’t emotionally cope with political responsibilities, and it would detract from their natural occupations anyway. Convention voted to exclude women from it’s meetings.

Question 15

Economic roles?

Answer 15

First to lose jobs in industry. Had strong domestic roles and close knit communities in Paris based on child care and news/devotion. Increase in manufacturing and centrality of economy meant more travelling to work: thus faster spread of news.

Question 16

Mme Roland

Answer 16

Gironde. Accepted ‘natural’ division of labour, influence over her husband gave her vast power. Was executed 1793

Question 17

Olympe de Gouges

Answer 17

Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen (1791). Reactions: humour and disregard, her claims were largely dismissed. Same rights but different needs. All differences apart from those of reproduction: man made.

Question 18

Marie Antionette

Answer 18

Denounce for her sexual behaviour (rumours of lesbianism with Princesse De Lamballe). Had some influence over the King (appointment of Brienne and Necker) but was hate by the public (exacerbated by the Diamond Necklace Episode (1780’s)

Question 19

Catherine of Russia

Answer 19

Eg. Of massively famous ruler that was subject to scandal and rumour in her own court.

Question 20

Maricourt

Answer 20

Had a salon and led women’s discussion groups. Was institutionalised and accused of radicalism repeatedly in the press.

Question 21

Colomb

Answer 21

Owner of the printshop of the Ami du Peuples. Used rights to defend her business.

Question 22

Leon

Answer 22

Demanded women’s rights to bear arms for defence of Paris in 1792. Was applauded by the Parisian mayor and Commune but idea rejected

Question 23

Timm and Sandborn

Answer 23

Sexual rhetoric an ‘insurmountable barrier’ for women activists.

Question 24

Joan Landes

Answer 24

Images of the period depict women as ‘self authorised an self authorising individuals, acting on behalf of their own interests’ and those of the nation as well. Also class division in women’s actions.

Question 25

Garrioch

Answer 25

Parisian women closely linked through social bonds via work, child care

Question 26

Hufton

Answer 26

Women had considerable domestic authority and were responsible for their economic well being as well as responsible for their households in the absence of their husbands (work/conscription)

Question 27

Losses via war

Answer 27

916,000 in 15 years - ie. Increased importance of female labour etc.

Question 28

Decline in infant mortality

Answer 28

1/2 to 1/3

Question 29

Education?

Answer 29

Lycées male only: girls eventually left once again to Catholic Church. Secularisation of population led to use of contraceptive methods + thus pop decline?

Question 30

Divorce - Napoleon

Answer 30

Only valid accusation if the husband carried it out in the marital home. Parental permission reintroduced to the age of 25. Became more of an urban option - employment could be found more readily by women.

Question 31

Mme De Stäel

Answer 31

Principle opponent to Napoleon. Had literary influence and a Parisian salon under the directory - was considered such a threat that she was exiled and those that visited her were punished.

Question 32

Women and religion - Sommieres riot

Answer 32

South East,1791; fear of the CC of C. Women stoned government authorities on their approach to the town church. Took the initiative over men and collaborated. Towns more secularised in comparison?

Question 33

Key Parisian societies

Answer 33

Cercle Social - ‘society of the friends of truth’ - 1790 (Etta Palm, Condorcet)
Society of revolutionary republican women (1789)

Question 34

3 eg’s famous women

Answer 34

Colomb (printer ‘ami du peuple’, Maricourt (pop socs), Leon (bear arms)

Question 35

Mme Roland

Answer 35

Never overtly feminist, but influential in politics through her husband. Influenced his publications, was his secretary, and had a salon in Paris that Brissot, Robespierre and Petion attended. Formed girondes against the jacobins. Executed 1793