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French Rev > Napoleon/Directory > Flashcards

Napoleon/Directory Flashcards

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1
Q

Napoleon’s method of gaining power?

A

Peaceful - no bloody purges

LEFEBVRE - weak assemblies and influential committees.

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2
Q

Brumaire coup

A
  1. Events: 3 of 5 directors resigned, council of elders and 500 dispersed (by Lucien), temporary new body Legislative Commission established. This declares the Consul etc.
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3
Q

Brumaire coup results

A

Bonaparte in Consul. Purge of Jacobin deputies from c of 500 (pretext of coup)

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4
Q

Cult of Bonaparte as Hero

A

DWYER 72 pamphlets on his Italian campaign 1796. Presented as virtuous in comparison to corrupt directory.

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5
Q

Centrally appointed administrators

A

Prefects, deputies (x 4 per dept), councillors, advising council, mayors (nobles recruited to lower positions for local integration where prefects were outsiders), JP’s

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6
Q

Justice

A

JP’s appointed centrally. Special tribunal established: public, defence lawyers. 36 in total. Flying columns in the south to enforce justice.

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7
Q

Prefects

A

Above faction - centre. Some leaning either way for local support, non locals, 30% members of revolutionary assemblies. Appt by 1st minister.
HORN prefects appointed local elites to integrate them into the government and gain support.

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8
Q

Napoleonic plebiscites

A

1799, 1802, 1804

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9
Q

1799 plebiscite

A

Lucien falsified ‘oui’ votes 1.6 to 3 mil

HORN in the Aube people thought they were voting for a gov that would end conflict.

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10
Q

1802 plebiscite

A

Life consulate, 1/2 electorate showed

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11
Q

Fructidor coup

A

1797, military coup by Barras (n was his protege) in order to purge Royalist candidates from c of 500 after they were successful in elections. Aided by Bonaparte. 53 exiled (still over 100 jacobins/royalists in council). Turn towards jacobin policies (refractory clergy/émigrés persecuted, end of freedom of the press)

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12
Q

Directory and voting

A

Manipulated results between oscillations of Jacobins and Royalists 1794-99: loss of faith in democracy, voter apathy, increasingly authoritarian rule.

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13
Q

Successful eg of integration of elites

A

HORN Bruslé in the Aube: 28% of emigre’s returned

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14
Q

Gendarmerie

A

Napoleon’s initiative, specialised professional corps, recruits from Army after peace, 16,500 men by 1801. Clean record, literate, 7 years experience. Targeted banditry in flying columns of 6.

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15
Q

Cisalpine Republic

A

One of three created, 1797, N director 1800.

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16
Q

Conscription

A

Driven by prefects; 3-3.5 mil under N wars. All sorts of evasion excuses. Unevenly imposed, enforced by flying columns, dodging and desertion decreased bc of increased penalties.

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17
Q

Amiens

A

Peace treaty between France and Britain, 1801. N a reputation as diplomat. Econ stability; army returned to civilian life - BROWN “a vital balm for the countryside”

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18
Q

Guerrilla warfare

A

SPAIN 30-55,000 partisans against the French

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19
Q

Success of laws/justice systems?

A

BROWN increasing fear of reprisals rather than fear of bandits!

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20
Q

Young political elites?

A

Auditors to the Council of State. 60 prefects were originally these by 1841

21
Q

Imperial Nobility

A

1808, new, meritocratic social hierarchy. Political role: international legitimacy and prestige, integrating OR nobility. Hereditary after 200,000 francs, could pay for other privileges too. Public service: poor relief. 3200 by 1814.

22
Q

Imperial Nobility eg

A

HORN - Aube: selected from a list of 600 wealthiest men in the dept, 46% landowners, 21% legal professions.

23
Q

N’s two spearhead policies

A

Railliement, amalgame (eg. Imperial nobility 1808; emigre amnesty 1800 - conditional 18 months)

24
Q

Napoleonic code

A

1804 passed after rejection and purge of Tribunate 1801: re asserted gains of the revolution BROERS, inheritance/divorce/patriarchy. Created by Cambaceres and special council of legal experts.

25
Q

Concordat

A

1801, non juring priests made legal. Centrally appointed. Released imprisoned priests, reopened churches, simplified oath. Opposition from Petit Eglisé; some bishops exiled for objections

26
Q

Legion of Honour

A

1802, an elite of new military men.

1814: 5% civilians…

27
Q

Tribunate:

A

Discussed legislation.

Numbers reduced to 50, nominated by Senate.

28
Q

Royal etiquette?

A

Nobility 1808, marriage Archduchess Austria 1810

29
Q

Bank of France

A

Lebrun (Lucien’s new man). 1800. Capital from Brumaire. 1803: Franc and monopoly of paper notes.
Land tax and new tax on urban property, direct taxes tobacco/salt/alcohol.

30
Q

Land register

A

CADASTRE, by bureau of Statistics

31
Q

Lycées

A

45 total, 4 in Paris. National syllabus, scholarships, non traditional subjects and metric system. Universal qualifications. Nuns still taught! Make only secondary education, girls still catholic.

32
Q

Censorship

A

Jan 1800: 50 of 63 political papers in Paris closed. By 1811 only 4 Parisian journals, 1 for departments.

33
Q

Booksellers regulations

A

Printers also: oath of loyalty, licence, trading certificates.

34
Q

Censors

A

Band of 9 censors, 6 Parisian inspectors and 30 provincial.

35
Q

Directory summary

A

Longest surviving, reformed fiscal system and defeated royalist threats BUT loss of faith in democracy from manipulating votes, mass banditry and reliance on coups to maintain control bc of inflexible bureaucracy

36
Q

Legislative chamber

A

Voted legislation

37
Q

Senate

A

Introduced legislation, chosen by consuls, 120 members

38
Q

Council of State

A

Professional legal and finance experts that checked legislation. Presided over by Napoleon.

39
Q

Grande Armée

A

1/4 million men, coast, 1802

40
Q

1802: internal politics

A

Purge of legislature as 1/5 due for replacement

41
Q

Continental blockade/system

A

1806, Berlin decree, all European ports closed to British and colonial ships. Fontainebleau decree, 1810, 10yrs servitude for smuggling. (Britain 60% trade outside Europe anyway)

42
Q

Divorce

A

1792-1803: 1 divorce for every 4 marriages

43
Q

1803 workers..

A

Passbook ‘Livret’ - a form of identity and passport as well as a work record.

44
Q

Police

A

Controlled by Fouché. Amassed information on people - control via surveillance, not terror.

45
Q

Control of workers:

A

Removal of guilds. More leverage bc of conscription eg Paris stonemasons 39 min afternoon break. Livret 1803

46
Q

Prices?

A

Cereal prices rose 18%, wages 20%, rents 50%!

47
Q

Industry

A

50% above levels of 1780’s, mainly in cotton (gender role reversal). Change if focus from West (Bordeaux) to East (Paris and Rhine)

48
Q

Bourgeoise of 1799

A

LEFEBVRE “political freedom in exchange for economic stability”

French Rev (4 decks)

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