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Henry VIII > Wolsey > Flashcards

Wolsey Flashcards

1
Q

What differed in Henry’s early years than from Henry VII’s governance?

A

Their policies - NOT the people.

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2
Q

When were Empson and Dudley arrested?

A

Two days after Henry 7 died.

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3
Q

When were Empson and Dudley executed?

A

16 months after Henry’s death.

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4
Q

What did the execution of Empson and Dudley signify?

A

Henry VIII wanted to do the popular move and distance himself from his father’s reign.

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5
Q

When was Edmund de la Pole executed?

A

1513

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6
Q

What did the execution of Edmund de la Pole signify?

A

Showed how perceived threats would be dealt with.

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7
Q

What was the biggest difference between Henry and his father’s governance?

A

War. The old guard on the Coucnil were against aggressive foreign policy, however Henry was unfettered and supported in his aggressive foreign policy.

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8
Q

How did the Privy Chamber change?

A

It gained its own existence apart from being in the King’s Household
Who was allowed to dine there became a clear sign f who was in or out of favour in the peerage.

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9
Q

Who were the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber?

A

Had access to the King and travelled with him when he moved from house to house.

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10
Q

How many men were there in the Privy Chamber?

A

about 20

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11
Q

When did Henry summon parliaments?

A

1510, 1512, 1515 and 1523

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12
Q

What was Henry’s primary reason for calling parliament?

A

Asking for revenue

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13
Q

What were the two ministers views on parliament?

A

Wolsey didnt like it, only summoning once in 1523, whereas Cromwell wanted to exploit its legislative power.

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14
Q

What happened for the first time during Henry’s reign?

A

Governance through councils broke down.

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15
Q

Why did conciliar government break down?

A

COnflict between Henry’s impulsive personality and that of his more conservative councillors.

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16
Q

What in particular about Wolsey attracted Henry to him?

A

His organisational skills

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17
Q

Why did conciliar government end in 1514?

A

Henry was disenchanted with how his senior councillors didn’t want war with France
He became more attuned to governing, asserting more and more authority over time

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18
Q

What ability did Wolsey have during his reign?

A

hte ability to give Henry exactly what he wanted, or to persuade Henry in certain directions.

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19
Q

What were Wolsey’s main governing concerns?

A

Church
Foreign relations
Legal system
Domestic policy
Political decision making

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20
Q

What was Wolsey’s relationship like with the Privy chamber?

A

Henry’s minions clearly didnt like him, as Wolsey was keen to neutralise their power.
It ended up being the one area that was outside Wolsey’s immediate control.

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21
Q

What was Wolsey’s main domestic concern?

A

To tackle to justice system, in particular promoting civil law, which was based on natural justice and evidence, rather than common law.

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22
Q

What position in the legal system did Wolsey hold?

A

Lord Chancellor

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23
Q

Which court did being Lord Chancellor grant Wolsey access to?

A

The Court of Chancery

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24
Q

What did Wolsey use the Court of Chancery for?

A

Deal with problems relating to enclosure and land left to others in wills

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25
Q

What was the main problem with teh Court of Chancery?

A

It became too popular and clogged up with many cases.

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26
Q

What was the Court of the Star Chamber?

A

Henry VII had set it up to deal out justice to the nobility on his behalf.

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27
Q

When was the Star chamber established?

A

1487

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28
Q

What was Wolsey’s motive in extending use of the Star CHamber?

A

Increase in cheap and fair justice

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29
Q

What kind of cases were heard in the Star Chamber?

A

Cases of misconduct y dominant people in their localities
Wolsey encouraged Private lawsuits.

30
Q

What did Wolsey use the Star CHamber to do?

A

Attack nobels and local officials who were abusing their power

31
Q

How many cases was the star chamber hearing under Henry VII?

A

12 a year

32
Q

How many cases was the star chamber hearing under Wolsey?

A

120

33
Q

What committees did Henry set up within the court?

A

One in 1519 to deal with the poor, giving wolsey a reputation of being friendly with the poor.

34
Q

What economic policies did Wolsey seem to have?

A

Involved himself in enclosure

35
Q

What was Wolsey’s view on enclosure?

A

He thought that the conversion of land to sheep pasture by enclosing fields destroyed village life.

36
Q

What did Wolsey do about enclosure in 1517?

A

Began a national enquiry into how much land had been enclosed and the affects it was having.

37
Q

What came from the enclosure investigations in 1517?

A

Legal cases were drawn up against landlords who had enclosed land without permission.

38
Q

When + why did Wolsey have to suspend the enquiries into enclosure?

A

1523-26 as landowners were opposing them.

39
Q

How did foreign policy influence trade with Burgundy?

A

Henry’s alliance against Charles V affected the cloth trade, which also coincided with one of the worst harvests of the period.

40
Q

What were the affects of the detriment in relationship with the Netherlands?

A

Widespread unemployment, with effects being made worse by a rise in price.

41
Q

How did Wolsey cope with unemployment in the late 1520s?

A

He undertook a recoinage which increased coins but reduced the weights stimulating export but increasing inflation.

42
Q

What was the consequence of economic depression in the late 1520s?

A

Lots of substantial suffering, leading to many riots in the spring of 1528 in the South and South West.

43
Q

What was Wolsey’s initial move when it came to finance?

A

National survey in 1522 to survey who could pay tax and how much.

44
Q

What was the result of the 1522 national survey?

A

200,000 being collected in forced loans, however this was still not enough in a period of inflation and expensive foreign policy.

45
Q

What did Wolsey ask for to overcome economic pressure in the early 1520s?

A

A more flexible tax which was based on income rather than property.

46
Q

How was tax collected before Wolsey?

A

Local commissioners would assess taxpayers wealth to decide how much they would pay.

47
Q

How did Wolsey change tax collection?

A

Set up a national committee which he headed himself, with direct and realistic assessments of the wealth of tax payers.

48
Q

How else was Wolsey attempting to raise money from war in France?

A

Increasing earth through unparliamentary taxation through the Amicable Grant of 1525, which led to widespread resistance.

49
Q

When did Wolsey first call parliament?

A

1515

50
Q

What was the Hunne case?

A

Richard Hunne, who was imprisoned for not paying a tax over his dead 5-week-old son, was found hanging in his cell, with suspected murder from church officials.

51
Q

When did Wolsey call his second parliament?

A

1523

52
Q

What was the parliament of 1523 for?

A

Grant the subsidy needed to finance the renewal for war against France, however due to Wolsey’s unpopularity, he was unable to secure all he wanted.

53
Q

When were the Eltham Ordinances?

A

1526

54
Q

What were the eltham ordinances?

A

Reform to the finance of the Privy Concil

55
Q

How did the Eltham Oridnances reduce the power of the privy council?

A

Under the guise of plans to reduce expenditure in the household on the whole, Wolsey secured a reduction in the number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber as well as securing the removal of the Groom of the stool.

56
Q

What had allowed Wolsey to remain in power?

A

Serving Henry well.

57
Q

What was Wolsey’s first big failure?

A

The collapse of the anti-Habsburg strategy in Europe, following the success of Charles V in Italy after 1525.

58
Q

What was Wolsey’s second big failure?

A

Failure to secure a divorce after two years.

59
Q

When did the case for a divorce open?

A

15th June 1529

60
Q

Who had the pope sent to secure a divorce and what orders was he on?

A

Cardinal Campeggio on orders to delay the divorce with al haste.

61
Q

When was Wolsey charged with praemunire?

A

October 1529

62
Q

What were the 3 main factors for Wolsey’s fall?

A

His failure to secure Henry’s divorce
Failure in foreign policy
Factionalism (from the Boleyn mostly)

63
Q

What were Wolsey’s 3 approaches to securing the divorce?

A

Scriptural arguments
Diplomatic manoeuvres
Legal efforts

64
Q

What were the scriptural arguments for the divorce?

A

Argued that the original marriage was only valid because Catherine had never consummated her marriage.
Argued that Leviticus stated that the marriage shouldn’t have been allowed.

65
Q

What weakened Wolsey’s scriptural arguments?

A

It was argued in Deuteronomy that it was a man’s duty to marry his brothers widow.

66
Q

Where was the Pope at this time?

A

Under the control of Charles V following the 1527 Sack of Rome

67
Q

What were Wolsey’s diplomatic manoeuvres to. secure the divorce?

A

Plannned to attack Charles V
Allied with France in 1527 Treaty of Westminster
Tried to free the pope
However, CHarles was deeply entrenched in the Italian peninsula to be evicted by France

68
Q

What were Wolsey’s legal efforts to secure the divorce?

A

Wolsey hoped to hold the divorce hearings in England where he could have final say as papel legate.
This was agreed to by Clement but only if Cardinal Campeggio was there.

69
Q

Why did Henry want a divorce?

A

He was smitten with Anne Boleyn and Henry had not been able to have an heir.

70
Q

When did Wolsey die?

A

He was summoned to court in 1530 to stand trial, but died on the way

Henry VIII (10 decks)

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