Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to Psychology PSYU1101 > wk6_L_11&12. Personality: An Introduction 1/2 > Flashcards

wk6_L_11&12. Personality: An Introduction 1/2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY studies?

A

anxiousness or extroversion (as examples)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY studies?

A

effect of a situation on a person remains stable across different types of people. E.G. tendency to stereotype those from outgroups or to conform to group standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Burton et al (2011) definition of personality refers to?

A

“enduring patters of thought, feeling, motivation & behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Burton et al (2011) definition of personality refers to?

A

“enduring patters of thought, feeling, motivation & behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genes & Environment, including memories & past experiences, Pervin (1994) noted as influencing what?

A

Personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Personality research looks at things such as?

A
  • structure
  • processes (development)
  • individual differences
  • biology, culture & history contributions to development of personality
  • effect of a situation; reciprocal forces
  • impact of personality on important aspects of life (relationships, etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three strong traditions in personality research?

A
  • clinical
  • correlational
  • experimental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinical personality research involves?

A
  • FOCUS; involves systematic, in-depth research
  • METHODS; observation (and self-report)
  • SIGNIFICANT RESEARCHERS_;_
  1. Charcot - hysteria brought on or alleviated by hypnosis
  2. Janet - believed suggestions could be therapeutic
  3. Morton Prince - the dissociation of personality. Different selves exist in all of us
  4. Freud - first comprehensive theory of personality development. Ambivalence & conflicts. Compromise formations
  5. Murray - clever ways to test personality. Used interviews, questionnaire’s etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Advantage of clinical approach to personality psychology?

A
  • observes great variety of phenomena & often in detail
  • considers person’s whole functioning
  • doesn’t assume everyone’s degree of insight is the same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Problems with clinical approach to personality psychology?

A
  • difficult to confirm observations
  • difficult to formulate lab-style tests
  • hard to replicate with questionnaires
  • doesn’t meet scientific ideal/ a lot is not particularly scientific
  • more good than bad - but a lot needs to be added to what we know about people!!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Correlational method of looking at people’s personalities looks at what?

A

Certain ‘trays’ (trait approach)- ways we differ. DOMINANT METHOD currently

Breaking down into small parts/elements, using self report questionaries, and seeing how they relate to each other. gets a sense of what makes a person a person. Trays: extroverted? introverted? emotional?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Correlational Approach significant researchers…

A
  • Sir Francis Galton - heredity, intellectual abilities
  • Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck - Five factor model of personality

A lot of looking at I.Q.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What may be a question/s asked using the correlational approach to personality?

A
  1. Are there basic groups of characteristics on which people differ?
  • Techniques of this approach; self report questionnaires, factor analysis
  • Assumes; trait is a fundamental unit of personality
  • Aim; sought periodic table of elements & personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Correlational Approach is asking what?

A
  • Are there basic groups of characteristics on which people differ?

assumes trait is fundamental unit of personality

uses self-report questionnaires & factor analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some strengths of the correlational approach?

A

self report is easy

compares and individual to an average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some drawbacks of the correlational approach?

A

correlation doesn’t equal causation

factor analysis has subjective elements

self reports subject to biases (self deception, social desirability, substance effected)

16
Q

Experimental approach to personality investigation involves?

A

FOCUS -systematics manipulation of variables

METHODS - experimental manipulation

17
Q

Experimental approaches to personality - give an example

A

Pavlov - induced experimental neurosis (circle=food / ellipse=shock)

OR

Wundt - changes in stimuli influence changes in immediate experience

18
Q

Strengths of experimental approach?

A
  • close to scientific ideal
  • don’t need to worry about whether subject knows the truth
19
Q

Weaknesses of the experimental approach?

A
  • important parts of personality hard to test
  • not in context of the whole person
  • people bring own expectations into the lab
  • experiment is a social situation
20
Q

Temperament

A

generally very genetic, quite difficult to change, quite stable through lifespan

  • how one does something
  • inhibition to unfamiliar (shyness/anxiety when faced with new things)
  • reactivity
  • impulsivity (takes risks, lively, sensation seeking, easily bored. possibly evolutionary advantage - CRAIG PAINE)
  • vigour or energy level
  • strength of actions
  • temporal features
  • rhythm of responding
21
Q

Heritability

A

how much does a genetic inheritance provide to ones personality

  • twin studies
  • big 5 trays are close to equally heritable (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness)
  • inherited 40% / environmental 60% across all studies of heritability
22
Q

Tray approaches to personality involve…

A
  • all people have enduring characteristics or trays (e.g. extraversion, conscientiousness, willingness to trust or emotional stability)
23
Q

Trait models can be mapped on a continuum of?

A

low - high

24
Q

Traits can be both?

A

Genetically determined and acquired through experience

25
Q

Nomothetic Approach is?

A

test an individual and look at where their score compares to the average score, then make deductions made from that comparison

26
Q

Think - extroversion on continuum scale from high to low. So, Nomothetic approach looks at?

A

where the persons score sits in relation to other peoples scores on the continuum

what is the average score! where someone stands in comparison to the average

27
Q

Idiographic approach looks at?

A

emphasise uniqueness of the individual

28
Q

Cattell’s’ (1957) 16 trays…

A
  • Abstractedness - imaginative V practical
  • Apprehension - insecure V complacent
  • Dominance - aggressive V passive
  • Emotional Stability (neuroticism) - calm/stable V high-strung
  • Liveliness - enthusiastic V serious
  • Openness to Change - liberal V traditional
  • Perfectionism - compulsive and controlled V indifferent
  • Privateness - pretentious V unpretentious
  • Reasoning - abstract V concrete
  • Rule Consciousness - moralistic V free thinking
  • Self-Reliance - leader V follower
  • Sensitivity - sensitive V tough
  • Social Boldness - uninhibited V timid
  • Tension - driven/tense V relaxed/easy going
  • Vigilance - suspicious V accepting
  • Warmth - open/warm hearted V aloof & critical
29
Q

Hans Eysenck - ‘super-traits’ EXTRAVERSION v INTROVERSION, NEUROTICISM & PSYCHOTISIM

A

super traits: represented at a higher order

E.G. extraversion = liveliness + sociability + activity + sensation seeking

30
Q

ARAS is?

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

31
Q

The Five Factor Model (most recent approach) O. C. E. A. N.

A

O. penness

C. oncientiousness

E. xtraversion

A. greeableness

N. euroticism

32
Q

In the ‘Five Factor Model’ Openness consists of:

A
  • fantasy
  • aesthetics
  • feelings
  • actions
  • ideas
  • values
33
Q

In the ‘Five Factor Model’ Conscientiousness consists of:

A
  • competence
  • order
  • dutifulness
  • achievement striving
  • self-discipline
  • deliberation
34
Q

In the ‘Five Factor Model’ Extroversion consists of:

A
  • warmth
  • gregariousness (outgoing)
  • assertiveness
  • activity
  • excitement seeking
  • positive emotion
35
Q

In the ‘Five Factor Model’ Agreeableness consists of:

A
  • trust
  • straightforwardness
  • altruism
  • compliance
  • modesty
  • tenderness
36
Q

In the ‘Five Factor Model’ Neuroticism consists of:

A
  • anxiety
  • angry hostility
  • depression
  • self-consciousness
  • impulsivity
  • vulnerability
37
Q

Personality development - FREUD facts

A
  • clinician at turn of century
  • hysteria (paralysis, numbness, fainting)
  • no biological basis; patient outwardly trying to stop it
  • must be an unseen force driving the effect - the unconscious
  • maybe parts of the mind are in conflict?
38
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual stage:

A

Freud’s view/work:

  • ORAL STAGE - 0-18mths. child explores world through mouth. totally dependant on caretakers. cause=chronic dissatisfaction & discomfort at that time
  • ANAL STAGE - 2-3yrs. child becomes aware of anus. contradictions appear
  • PHALLIC STAGE - 4-6yrs. become aware of genitals and masturbation
  • LATENCY STAGE - 7-11yrs. sublimation. taking energy from libido (for example) and sublimate into socially accepted activities
  • GENITAL STAGE - 12+yrs. conscious sexuality emerges. relate to and love others in a mature way

Introduction to Psychology PSYU1101 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions