wk2_L4. Motivation Flashcards
What is motivation?
Drives that motivate us to act
Biological (primary) motives are?
Thirst, hunger, oxygen, sleep, temp regulation, waste elimination, sex
Social (secondary) motives are?
Achievement, aggression, power, curiosity, play, affiliation, autonomy
What propels or repels engagement in behaviour?
Drives
What are some examples of the apparent obsession with boosting motivation, which invigorate biological drivers (adrenaline), but do not last?
Personal trainers
Motivational speakers
Early Psychodynamic Perspective was theorised by who?
Freud!
Theorised behaviours motivated by unconscious & conscious desires which are not in unison.
The 3 Theoretical constructs of psyche are?
- Id - unconscious, instinctual, irrational drives. Eros & Thanatos
- Superego - morally responsible, preconscious awareness
- Ego - conscious, rational mind, ensures Id & Superego drives manifest appropriately
What does the TAT (Thermatic Apperception Test) test measure?
Measures unconscious desires.
Assessed 4 social motives: achievement, power, affiliation & intimacy motivation. (is achievement important to you?)
Psychological adjustment; income, job status, marriage satisfaction, drug use, days off sick etc
RESULTS - assessed by TAT more predictive of long-term entrepreneurial success than self report
Drive Reduction Theories explained
Formulated in 1940’s (e.g. Hull, 1943; Hubb, 1949; Dollard & Miller, 1950)
Thirst, hunger & sexual frustration drive us to reduce averseness of states
Some drives hierarchal - thirst satisfaction > hunger satisfaction
Motivated to maintain psychological homeostasis (equilibrium)
Yerkes-Dodson Law identifies…
Arousal effects strength of drives
Clashing Drives - The 3 conflicts
- Approach-approach (most desirables)
- Avoidance-avoidance (least desirable)
- Approach-avoidance (attract V repel) E.g. task you’ve committed to gets nearer so approach-avoid tendency grows stronger. When approach motivation & avoidance motivation crosses, maximum conflict occurs
INCENTIVE THEORIES…
DRT (drive reduction theory) inadequate; we keep engaging in behaviours despite satisfaction of drives
Incentive theories built on DRT, driven by positive goals
Incentive theories differentiate - intrinsic/extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation can be devalued by extrinsic reinforcements (Lepper, Greene & Nisbett, 1973)
Relative importance of needs - Physiological (primary) more important than Psychological (secondary) (Murray, 1938)
MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY of NEEDS (Maslow, 1954; 1971)
Sexual Motivation (Libido)
Libido - human sexual desire, driven by testosterone & protein DRD4 related to dopamine. Link between genes & desire: 19% had DRD4 variation linked with increased sexual desire (Zion et al., 2006)
Sexual Motivation
Evidence suggests men have stronger libido than women because?
They…
Desire sex more, experience more arousal
Have more variety and number of sexual fantasies
Masturbate more
Want more partners
Want sex earlier
