WK2 Chapter 3 The Neonate & Chapter 4 Infancy Flashcards
soft spots on the skul between loosely joined
pieces of the skul that shift during the birth
process to assist passage through the birth
canal
fontanels
newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old
neonate
yelowish palor common in the first few days
of life due to immaturity of the liver
neonatal jaundice
deprivation of oxygen during the birth process
and soon after that can result in serious
neurological damage within minutes
anoxia
neonatal assessment scale with five subtests:
Appearance (colour), Pulse (heart rate),
Grimace (reflex irritability), Activity (muscle
tone) and Respiration (breathing)
Apgar scale
neonates weighing less than 2500
grams are considered as
low birth weight
babies born at 37 weeks gestation or less are considered
preterm
term applied to neonates who weigh less
than 90% of other neonates who were born
at the same gestational age
small for date
term for neonates who weigh 1,000–1,500
grams at birth
very low birth weight
term for neonates who weigh less than 1,000
grams at birth
extremely low birth weight
substance in lungs that promotes breathing
and keeps the air sacs in the lungs from
colapsing
surfactant
recommended care for preterm and low
birth-weight neonates, in which mothers or
fathers are advised to place the baby skin-to
skin on their chests for 2–3 hours a day for
the early weeks of life
kangaroo care
phase of the sleep cycle in which a person’s
eyes move back and forth rapidly under the
eyelids; people in REM sleep experience
other physiological changes as we l
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
automatic response to certain kinds of
stimulation
reflex
reflex that causes the neonate to turn its
head and open its mouth when it is touched
on the cheek or the side of the mouth; helps
the neonate find the breast
rooting reflex
Moro reflex
reflex in response to a sensation of falling
backwards or to a loud sound in which the
neonate arches its back, flings out its arms
and then brings its arms quickly together in
an embrace
Moro reflex
perceptual ability for te ling where a sound is
coming from
sound localisation
infant crying pattern in which the crying goes
on for more than 3 hours a day over more
than 3 days at a time for more than 3 weeks
colic
in parents with a new baby, feelings of
sadness and anxiety so intense as to
interfere with the ability to carry out simple
daily tasks
postnatal depression
cephalocaudal principle
principle of biological development that
growth tends to begin at the top, with the
head, and then proceeds downwards to the
rest of the body
principle of biological development that
growth proceeds from the middle of the body
outwards
proximodistal principle
the tiny gaps between neurons across which
neural communication takes place
synapses
chemical that enables neurons to
communicate across synapses
neurotransmitter
part of a neuron that transmits electrical
impulses and releases neurotransmitters
axon
At birth, the brain is —— the size of the adult brain;
one third (1/3)
after birth,
the brain resumes its explosive growth. Initia ly, the brain increases in
volume by — per day, and by 3 months has increased —-
1%
64%
the tiny gaps between neurons across which
neural communication takes place
synapses
part of the neuron that receives
neurotransmitters
dendrite
by age 2, the number of
neurons in the brain —— —— —— what it was at birth
drops by half
is half
is less
burst in the production of dendritic
connections between neurons
overproduction/exuberance
Two ways the brain develops during infancy (0-2y) nerologically are
overproduction/exuberance: dendritic
connections between neurons
and
Myelination: Axons are encsed in myelin shealth
process of the growth of the myelin sheath
around the axon of a neuron
myelination
Myelination is especia ly active in the early years of life but
continues at until
about 40 years old
process in brain development in which
dendritic connections that are used become
stronger and faster and those that are
unused whither away
synaptic pruning
The hindbrain and midbrain mature
earliest and perform the basic biological functions necessary to life.
They keep your
lungs breathing, your heart beating and your bodily
movements balanced.
this aea of the brain coordinates muscles and movement, and is the fastest growing part
of the brain after birth, doubling its size in the infant’s first 90 days
The cerebelum (part of the hindbrain)
The forebrain is divided into two main parts, the —-system and
the —- cortex.
limbic
cerebral
The structures of the limbic system include the
hypothalamus, the thalamus and the hippocampus.
this peanut-sized area of the brain, plays a key
role in monitoring and regulating our basic animal functions, including
hunger,
thirst,
body temperature,
sexual desire and
hormonal levels
The
hypothalamus
This area of the brain acts as a receiving and transfer centre for sensory
information from the body to the rest of the brain.
The thalamus
This area of the brain is crucial in memory, especia lly the transfer of information from short
term to long-term memory. It is the part of the brain with the slowest
growth initially, increasing only 47% in the first 90 days of life
The hippocampus
What is the most distinctively human part of the brain?
The cerebral cortex – the outermost part of the forebrain.
Area of the Brain that
3–4x larger in humans than in chimpanzees
Accounts for 85% of brain weight
Most brain growth after birth occurs here
Responsible for language, complex problem-solving, and abstract thinking
The cerebral cortex – the outermost part of the forebrain.
outer portion of the brain, containing four
regions with distinct functions
cerebral cortex
specialisation of functions in the two
hemispheres of the brain
lateralisation
the cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, left and
right, which are connected by a band of neural fibres caled the
—– —— that alows them to communicate
corpus callosum
hemisphere of the brain that is specialised for language and for processing
information in a sequential, step-by-step way
Left
hemisphere of the brain that is specialised for spatial reasoning and for processing
information in a holistic, integrative way
The right hemisphere
Q: List the four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
Parietal lobes
Frontal lobes
Lobe of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information (rear of each hemisphere)
Occipital lobes
Lobe of the cerebral cortex that process auditory information, including understanding language (lower sides)
Temporal lobes
Lobe of the cerebral cortex that process bodily sensations (above the temporal lobes)
Parietal lobes
Lobe of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for advanced processes like producing speech, decision-making, and planning (behind the forehead)
Frontal lobes
degree to which development can be
influenced by environmental circumstances
plasticity
The high plasticity of the infant brain makes it adaptable but also
——–(Bogin, 2020; Gale et al., 2004).
vulnerable
death within the first year of life due to
unknown reasons, with no apparent ilness or
disorder
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
distinctive cultural pattern of behaviour that
reflects underlying cultural beliefs
custom complex
disease in which the body wastes away from
lack of nutrients
marasmus
In Australia, infant mortality
for Indigenous infants is — times higher compared to non-Indigenous
infants (Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council, 2017)
1.9
What are common causes of infant mortality (after the first month, within the first year)?
A:
Diarrhoea – the number-one cause worldwide
Malnutrition
Respiratory infections – e.g. pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b
Malaria – mosquito-borne blood disease, especially in Africa
Dysentery – digestive illness, common in tropical regions
development of motor abilities including
balance and posture as wel as whole-body
movements such as crawling
gross motor development
development of motor abilities involving finely
tuned movements of the hands such as
grasping and manipulating objects
fine motor development
How much of infants’ gross motor development is ——– meaning that it takes place due to an inborn, geneticaly based,
individual timetable—and how much of it is due to experience and
learning?
ontogenetic
What type of development occurs naturally within the individual due to biological programming, and is not primarily shaped by cultural or evolutionary influences?
A: Ontogenetic
Refers to development that unfolds naturally in the individual
Examples: walking, puberty
Universal, but not reliant on specific cultural input
opposable thumb
position of the thumb apart from the fingers,
unique to humans, that makes fine motor
movements possible
opposable thumb
The principal milestones of fine motor development in infancy are
reaching and grasping.
Grasping is also a —— ——- (Schott & Rossor ). Neonates wil
automatica ly grasp whatever is placed in their hands.
neonatal reflex
ability to discern the relative distance of
objects in the environment
depth perception
ability to combine the images of the two eyes
into one image
binocular vision
integration and coordination of information
from the various senses
intermodal perception
A baby recognising that a moving mouth and a voice belong to the same person is an example of
intermodal perception
the process of making sense of multisensory input as one coherent experience
