WK1 Chapter 2 Genetics & Prenatal Dev

Question 1

sausage-shaped structure in the nucleus of
cels, containing genes, which are paired,
except in reproductive cels

Answer 1

chromosome

Question 2

the human body contain —– chromosomes in —–
pairs, with one chromosome in each pair inherited from the mother
and the other inherited from the father

Answer 2

46, 23 pairs

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

(deoxyribonucleic acid)
long strand of cel material that stores and
transfers genetic information in a l life forms

Question 4

segment of DNA containing coded
instructions for the growth and functioning of
the organism

Answer 4

gene

Question 5

entire store of an organism’s hereditary
information

Answer 5

genome

Question 6

What would the genome of a female and a males 23rd pair of chromosones be

Answer 6

Male: XY

Female: XX

Question 7

be XY rather than XXif you were born with a
genotype that included exceptional musical ability, this talent might
never be developed if

Answer 7

your environment provided no access to
musical instruments or musical instruction.

Question 8

organism’s unique genetic inheritance

Answer 8

genotype

Question 9

organism’s actual characteristics, derived
from its genotype

Answer 9

phenotype

Question 10

on a pair of chromosomes, each of two forms
of a gene

Answer 10

allele

Question 11

alleleRecessive genes are expressed in the phenotype only
when

Answer 11

they are paired with another recessive gene

Question 12

——– - ——— ———- occurs when only one of the two genes—the dominant gene—influences the
phenotype, whereas the recessive gene does not, even though it is part of the genotype

Answer 12

dominant–recessive inheritance

Question 13

pattern of inheritance in which a pair of
chromosomes contains one dominant and one
recessive gene, but only the dominant gene is
expressed in the phenotype

Answer 13

dominant–recessive inheritance

Question 14

form of dominant–recessive inheritance in
which the phenotype is influenced primarily by
the dominant gene but also to some extent by
the recessive gene

Answer 14

incomplete dominance

Question 15

polygenic inheritance
expression of phenotypic characteristics due
to the interaction of multiple genes

Answer 15

polygenic inheritance

Question 16

chromosomes that determine whether an
organism is male (XY) or female (XX)

Answer 16

sex chromosomes

Question 17

eggs in the mother contain an —– chromosome but
sperm may carry —– chromosome

Answer 17

X

either an X or a Y

Question 18

males more vulnerable than females to a variety of recessive
disorders that are linked to the — ————-

Answer 18

X chromosome

Question 19

Why can a woman be a carrier of a disorder to the next generation but will not have the disorder herself.

Answer 19

It may be disorders that are linked to the X chromosome. If a female has one X
chromosome that contains the recessive gene for a disorder, the disorder will not show up in her phenotype because the dominant
gene on her other X chromosome will prevent it from being expressed.

Question 20

Whay are men more vulnerable to X chromosome linked disorders?

Answer 20

because he has no other X chromosome that may contain a dominant gene to block its expression and the Y chromosone can not provide this function

Question 21

pattern of inheritance in which a recessive
characteristic is expressed because it is
carried on the male’s X chromosome

Answer 21

X-linked inheritance

Question 22

Because of X-linked inheritance, males are at greater risk of

Answer 22

a
wide variety of genetically based conditions, including learning disabilities and intellectual disability

Question 23

field in the study of human development that
aims to identify the extent to which genes
influence behaviour, primarily by comparing
people who share different amounts of their
genes

Answer 23

behaviour genetics

Question 24

twins who developed from a single ova and
sperm, and therefore have exactly the same
genotype; also called identical twins

Answer 24

monozygotic (MZ) twins

Question 25

twins that result when two ova are released by a female instead of one, and both are fertilised by different sperm; also called fraternal twins

Answer 25

dizygotic (DZ) twins

Question 26

statistical estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among people within a specific population, with values ranging from 0 to 1.00

Answer 26

heritability

Question 27

degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members, expressed as a percentage

Answer 27

concordance rate

Question 28

heritability estimates measure --------- rather than --------.

Answer 28

phenotype rather than genotype.

Question 29

in development, the continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment

Answer 29

epigenesis

Question 30

range of possible developmental paths established by genes; environment determines where development takes place within that range

Answer 30

reaction range

Question 31

in the theory of genotype S environment effects, the type that results from the facthat in a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to their children

Answer 31

passive genotype → environment effects

Question 32

the type that results when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment in the theory of genotype → environment effects,

Answer 32

evocative genotype → environment effects

Question 33

the type that results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics in the theory of genotype → environment effects,

Answer 33

active genotype → environment effects

Question 34

cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male)

Answer 34

gametes

Question 35

mature egg that develops in ovaries, about every 28 days in human females

Answer 35

ovum

Question 36

process by which gametes are generated, through separation and duplication of chromosome pairs, ending in four new gametes from the original cell, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell

Answer 36

meiosis

Question 37

process of cel replication in which the chromosomes duplicate themselves and the cel divides into two cels, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cel

Answer 37

mitosis

Question 38

in an ovum, fluid that provides nutrients for the first 2 weeks of growth if the ovum is fertilised, until the fertilised ovum reaches the uterus and begins drawing nutrients from the mother

Answer 38

cytoplasm

Question 39

at the outset of meiosis, the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes

Answer 39

crossing over

Question 40

Because crossing over begins when ova are created, this means that the development of a unique genotype for each individual begins

Answer 40

before the individual’s mother is born

Question 41

during the female reproductive cycle, the ovum plus other cels that surround the ovum and provide nutrients

Answer 41

follicle

Question 42

It is only during ------- after the ovum enters the fa lopian tube that fertilisation can occur

Answer 42

the first 24 hours

Question 43

fo lowing fertilisation, the new ce l formed from the union of sperm and ovum

Answer 43

zygote

Question 43

Ova and sperm are caled -------, and each has -- single chromosomes.

Answer 43

gametes 23

Question 44

if two ova are released by the woman instead of one, and both are fertilised by sperm, resulting in

Answer 44

DZ twins (dizygotic— two zygotes)

Question 45

when a zygote that has just begun the process of cel division splits into two separate clusters of ce ls, creating:

Answer 45

MZ twins ( monozygotic—one zygote)

Question 46

------- twins are less common than ------- twins

Answer 46

MZ twins are less common than DZ twins ( occurring about 1 in every 285 births) DZ are roughly 1 in 60

Question 47

------ twins do not run in families

Answer 47

MZ (Splitting) unlike DZ twins (Two Ovum)

Question 48

germinal period

Answer 48

first 2 weeks after conception

Question 49

ball of about 100 cells formed by about 1 week following conception

Answer 49

blastocyst

Question 50

in the blastocyst, the outer layer of cels, which wil go on to form structures that provide protection and nourishment to the embryo

Answer 50

trophoblast

Question 51

in the blastocyst, the inner layer of cels, which wil go on to form the embryo

Answer 51

embryonic disk

Question 52

fluid-fi led membrane that surrounds and protects the developing organism in the womb

Answer 52

amnion

Question 53

in the womb, gatekeeper between mother and fetus, protecting the fetus from bacteria and wastes in the mother’s blood, and producing hormones that maintain the blood in the uterine lining and cause the mother’s breasts to produce milk

Answer 53

placenta

Question 54

Prenatal Development Week 1-2

Answer 54

Gestational Period

Question 55

Prenatal Development Week 3-8

Answer 55

Embryonic Period

Question 56

structure connecting the placenta to the mother’s uterus

Answer 56

umbilical cord

Question 57

in prenatal development, elapsed time since conception

Answer 57

gestation

Question 58

in the embryonic period, the outer layer of cels, which wil eventualy become the skin, hair, nails, sensory organs and nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Answer 58

ectoderm

Question 59

in the embryonic period, the middle of the three cel layers, which wil become the muscles, bones, reproductive system and circulatory system

Answer 59

mesoderm

Question 60

in the embryonic period, the inner layer of cels, which wil become the digestive system and the respiratory system

Answer 60

endoderm

Question 61

in the embryonic period, the part of the ectoderm that wil become the spinal cord and brain

Answer 61

neural tube

Question 62

cel of the nervous system

Answer 62

neuron

Question 63

in prenatal development, the period from week 9 until birth

Answer 63

fetal period

Question 64

at birth, babies are covered with this oily, cheesy substance, which protects their skin from chapping in the wom

Answer 64

vernix

Question 65

The ---- are the last major organ to become viable

Answer 65

lungs

Question 66

behaviour, environment or bodily condition that can have damaging influence on prenatal development

Answer 66

teratogen

Question 67

malnutrition, infectious diseases, alcohol and tobacco

Answer 67

are major teratogens

Question 68

The most common teratagon worldwide is

Answer 68

Malnutrition

Question 69

folic acid, iodinne and iron are common

Answer 69

contributors to malnutritian in fetal development

Question 70

behaviour, environment or bodily condition that can have damaging influence on prenatal development

Answer 70

teratogen

Question 71

set of problems that occur as a consequence of high maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, including facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs and a variety of cognitive problems

Answer 71

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Question 72

sexualy transmitted infection caused by HIV, resulting in damage to the immune system

Answer 72

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Question 73

genetic disorder due to carrying an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Answer 73

Down syndrome

Question 74

involving a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Answer 74

multifactorial

Question 75

a permanent alteration of a DNA sequence that makes up a gene

Answer 75

genetic mutation

Question 76

prenatal procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw amniotic fluid containing fetal cells from the placenta, allowing possible prenatal problems to be detected

Answer 76

amniocentesis

Question 77

prenatal technique for diagnosing genetic problems, involving taking a sample of cells at 5–10 weeks gestation by inserting a tube into the uterus

Answer 77

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 78

prenatal test that involves the pregnant mother giving a blood sample to test for increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus, including Down syndrome

Answer 78

non-invasive prenatal testing

Question 79

inability to attain pregnancy after at least a year of regular sexual intercourse

Answer 79

infertility

Question 80

procedure of injecting sperm directly into the uterus

Answer 80

intrauterine insemination (IUI)

Question 81

infertility treatments that involves using hormone medication to stimulate the growth of eggs in the ovaries, removing the eggs and fertilising them with sperm, a lowing them to mature for a few days, then transferring the most promising embryos to the uterus

Answer 81

in vitro fertilisation (IVF)