Wk 9 - TOM/Autism

Question 1

Play is… (x3)

Answer 1

Exaggerated, less serious then functional behaviour
Components may be arranged in unusual sequences
Means more important than ends (building with Lego over house constructed)

Question 2

Functional play is…

Answer 2

Actions performed/objects used for sake of playing, yet without any non-literal elements

Question 3

Def, and six defining-features of pretend play, the start of creativity

Answer 3

The non-literal use of objects and/or actions.
A pretender - someone needs to make it up
A reality - to differ from
A mental representation
That is projected onto reality
With awareness
And intention

Question 4

Time spent at functional/pretend play… (x3)

Answer 4

Age 1-2, not much pretend - very functional at 1
3 yo spend 9 min/hr pretend play
4 yo - quarter of their time

Question 5

Vygotsky’s Zone of proximal development is… (x2)

Answer 5

The difference between what kids can do with/out help

Some things are inherent, others enhanced by interaction, e.g. pretend play

Question 6

Piaget argued that pretend play is…

Answer 6

Immature conception of reality

Purely from imagination, therefor unsocial

Question 7

Cultural learning theory fits with Vygotsky, holding pretence as… (x2)

Answer 7

Acquired in a similar way to instrumental actions

By cultural imitative learning, supported by adult scaffolding

Question 8

Scaffolding, in terms of cultural learning theory, is…

Answer 8

Support that takes you from one level to another

Question 9

Instrumental actions… (x3)

Answer 9

Intent to create concrete change
Can learn through imitation, or on own
Eg could figure out how to use a hammer

Question 10

Pretend actions… (x3)

Answer 10

Counterfactual
Function of actions on objects is socially constituted -
Can’t discover on own

Question 11

Vygotsky argues that pretend play is…

Answer 11

Socially constituted

Question 12

Theory of mind is…

Answer 12

Common-sense understanding of the world
Involves an appreciation of mental states and,
That it’s these mental states that determine behaviour

Question 13

False-belief task tests demonstrate… (x2)

Which develop around the age of…

Answer 13

Theory of mind
Ability to take perspective of another
4 yo - rare for 2 yo to pass, or 6 yo fail

Question 14

Association between TOM and pretend play…

Answer 14

Positive correlation between frequency/detail of pretend play and increased performance of TOM tests

Question 15

Leslie’s rich account of TOM holds that…(x3)

Answer 15

In order not to confuse fact/fiction children must cognitively keep apart pretend (this is an apple) and real content (this is a ball)
If you look ability to understand another’s pretence - about same timeline as own pretend play
Involves metarepresentations

Question 16

Metarepresentations involve… (X3)

Answer 16

Holding in mind an idea that differs from this reality
Ability to represent representations
Eg Jim said the news reported the elections

Question 17

The lean account of TOM holds that… (x4)

Answer 17

Kids are just behaving ‘as if’
Don’t appreciate that pretence is a mental act
No need to ascribe any pretend attitude
Understanding is shallow

Question 18

Autism is…

And causes…

Answer 18

Spectrum of life-long developmental disability characterised by impairment of understanding of what he or she sees, hears, senses
Issues with social relationships, communication and behaviour

Question 19

Symptoms of autism… (x8)

Answer 19

Aloof
Lack of eye contact
Object, not people oriented
Difficulties in social relationships
Odd speech - talk at you
More candid/emotionally expressive
More/less sensitivity can = touch avoidance
Very literal

Question 20

Autism rates… (x2)

Answer 20

Up 600% since 70s, and 260% since ‘94

Genuine increase, improved detection, reduced stigma = search for diagnosis??

Question 21

Autism is not… (x4)

Answer 21

Mental retardation
Savant syndrome - some, not most
Inability to have relationships
Lack of imagination/empathy

Question 22

Asperger’s syndrome may be characterised by… (x4)

Answer 22

Intelligence, factual knowledge, specialised vocab, memory for detail, affinity for computers, original/creative thought, independent learning
Difficulties with change/failure
Understanding subtext –remarks/behaviour offend
Social skills need learning intellectually over intuitively

Question 23

False-belief task and autism…

Which demonstrates…

Answer 23

80% pass rate in research on down syndrome and typically developing, 20% for autism
Link with TOM/pretend play

Question 24

Pretend play and autism… (x4)

Answer 24

Absence of pretence may predict later diagnosis
Nearly every study has found a deficit
Parents document a lack of role play in the everyday life of kids with autism
Diagnosis could be predicted by coding levels of pretend play observed in a playground

Question 25

Link between pretend play, TOM and autism makes sense in light of… (x2)

Answer 25

Deficit in pretence in autistic is of interest, not capacity

Argument that play/TOM are social

Question 26

Baron-Cohen et al, 1985, found that autism were impaired in…

Answer 26

TOM