Wk 9 - TOM/Autism Flashcards
Play is… (x3)
Exaggerated, less serious then functional behaviour
Components may be arranged in unusual sequences
Means more important than ends (building with Lego over house constructed)
Functional play is…
Actions performed/objects used for sake of playing, yet without any non-literal elements
Def, and six defining-features of pretend play, the start of creativity
The non-literal use of objects and/or actions.
A pretender - someone needs to make it up
A reality - to differ from
A mental representation
That is projected onto reality
With awareness
And intention
Time spent at functional/pretend play… (x3)
Age 1-2, not much pretend - very functional at 1
3 yo spend 9 min/hr pretend play
4 yo - quarter of their time
Vygotsky’s Zone of proximal development is… (x2)
The difference between what kids can do with/out help
Some things are inherent, others enhanced by interaction, e.g. pretend play
Piaget argued that pretend play is…
Immature conception of reality
Purely from imagination, therefor unsocial
Cultural learning theory fits with Vygotsky, holding pretence as… (x2)
Acquired in a similar way to instrumental actions
By cultural imitative learning, supported by adult scaffolding
Scaffolding, in terms of cultural learning theory, is…
Support that takes you from one level to another
Instrumental actions… (x3)
Intent to create concrete change
Can learn through imitation, or on own
Eg could figure out how to use a hammer
Pretend actions… (x3)
Counterfactual
Function of actions on objects is socially constituted -
Can’t discover on own
Vygotsky argues that pretend play is…
Socially constituted
Theory of mind is…
Common-sense understanding of the world
Involves an appreciation of mental states and,
That it’s these mental states that determine behaviour
False-belief task tests demonstrate… (x2)
Which develop around the age of…
Theory of mind
Ability to take perspective of another
4 yo - rare for 2 yo to pass, or 6 yo fail
Association between TOM and pretend play…
Positive correlation between frequency/detail of pretend play and increased performance of TOM tests
Leslie’s rich account of TOM holds that…(x3)
In order not to confuse fact/fiction children must cognitively keep apart pretend (this is an apple) and real content (this is a ball)
If you look ability to understand another’s pretence - about same timeline as own pretend play
Involves metarepresentations
Metarepresentations involve… (X3)
Holding in mind an idea that differs from this reality
Ability to represent representations
Eg Jim said the news reported the elections
The lean account of TOM holds that… (x4)
Kids are just behaving ‘as if’
Don’t appreciate that pretence is a mental act
No need to ascribe any pretend attitude
Understanding is shallow
Autism is…
And causes…
Spectrum of life-long developmental disability characterised by impairment of understanding of what he or she sees, hears, senses
Issues with social relationships, communication and behaviour
Symptoms of autism… (x8)
Aloof Lack of eye contact Object, not people oriented Difficulties in social relationships Odd speech - talk at you More candid/emotionally expressive More/less sensitivity can = touch avoidance Very literal
Autism rates… (x2)
Up 600% since 70s, and 260% since ‘94
Genuine increase, improved detection, reduced stigma = search for diagnosis??
Autism is not… (x4)
Mental retardation
Savant syndrome - some, not most
Inability to have relationships
Lack of imagination/empathy
Asperger’s syndrome may be characterised by… (x4)
Intelligence, factual knowledge, specialised vocab, memory for detail, affinity for computers, original/creative thought, independent learning
Difficulties with change/failure
Understanding subtext –remarks/behaviour offend
Social skills need learning intellectually over intuitively
False-belief task and autism…
Which demonstrates…
80% pass rate in research on down syndrome and typically developing, 20% for autism
Link with TOM/pretend play
Pretend play and autism… (x4)
Absence of pretence may predict later diagnosis
Nearly every study has found a deficit
Parents document a lack of role play in the everyday life of kids with autism
Diagnosis could be predicted by coding levels of pretend play observed in a playground
Link between pretend play, TOM and autism makes sense in light of… (x2)
Deficit in pretence in autistic is of interest, not capacity
Argument that play/TOM are social
Baron-Cohen et al, 1985, found that autism were impaired in…
TOM
