Wk 7 Intro - Eyes and Respiratory Flashcards
Blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid.
* Hordeolum “stye” involves the oil gland
Dacryocystitis
inflammation of the lacrimal sac - usually from partial or complete obstruction
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva; may extend to eyelids, cornea (keratitis), or sclera (episcleritis)
Keratoconjuntivitis
extensive disease involving the conjunctiva and cornea. Progressive keratitis can lead to ulceration, scarring, and blindness
Ophthalmia neonatorum
acute, sometimes severe, conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis of newborn infants
Endophthalmitis
infection of aqueous or vitreous humor. Rare, may lead to blindness
Uveitis
of inflammation of the uveal tract—iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Most are not of infectious origin
Chorioretinitis
most common infective involvement of the uveal tract - inflammatory infiltrates seen in the retina. Can lead to destruction of the choroid and inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and may extend into the vitreous humor to cause endophthalmitis
Eye anatomy
Infectious causes of eye disease
4 types of pneumonia
- Lobar: intra-alveolar exudate evolves into a consolidation. Streptococcus pneumoniae most common, but others also possible.
- Bronchopneumonia: patchy distribution from bronchioles into adjacent alveoli of acute inflammatory infiltrates.
- Atypical (interstitial) / walking pneumonia: diffuse patchy infiltrates seen on interstitial areas at alveolar walls. Indolent course. Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila, and Legionella are classic organisms. Viral infections can have similar radiographic appearance.
- Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (previously called BOOP): non- infectious, unknown etiology (thought to be caused by chronic inflammatory diseases or medications)
4 types of aspiration syndromes
- Chemical pneumonitis (gastric acid) – Mendelson syndrome
- Aspiration pneumonia (bacteria from oral and pharyngeal areas) * Exogenous lipoid pneumonia (mineral or vegetable oil) – rare
- 2019: E-cigarette associated acute lipoid pneumonia
- Foreign body aspiration – can lead to acute respiratory emergency
5 risk factor categories for aspiration pneumonia
- decreased consciousness
- esophageal conditions
- neurological disorders
- mechanical
- other
What are 3 causes of atypical/walking pneumonia?
- Mycoplasma
- Chlamydophila/Chlamydia psittisi or pneumoniae
- Legionella
Viral infections look similarly radiographically
Aspiration
the inhalation of either oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways (foreign material into the lungs)
Lung abscess
Necrosis of pulmonary parenchyma with localized collection of purulence
* Classically related to aspiration
Empyema
when lung abscess involves plueral space
Acute vs chronic lung abscess
acute < 1 month
chronic > 1 month
Lung abscess etiology
oral cavity anaerobes like Staph aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Sx of lung abscess
fever, productive cough, weight loss, diaphoresis
Putrid/sour tasting breath
Tx of lung abscess
Abx w/ anaerobic coverage
drainage/surgery
If S. aureus, daptomycin should not be used b/c inactivated by surfactant
Immunocompromised host increased infection risk pathogens
*Bacterial:addatypicalorganisms(Nocardia,mycobacteria– both tuberculosis and non-tubercular mycobacteria (NTM), Pseudomonas and other GNRs)
*Fungal:Aspergillus,Cryptococcus(lungsand/orCNS), Pneumocystis (PJP), Mucorales
*Viruses:CMVpneumonitis,HSVandVZVwithtracheitis, influenza and other community-acquired respiratory viruses with more severe complications and secondary infections
*Parasites:Toxoplasma,Strongyloides
TB (1 cause) and Endemic/Dimorphic Fungi (4 causes)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Endemic/Dimorphic Fungi:
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Coccidioides immitis
- Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Droplet illnesses
(spread through close respiratory or mucous membrane contact with respiratory secretions)
* Meningococcal Meningitis
* Pertussis
* Respiratory Viruses
Airborne illnesses
(remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air)
* Tuberculosis
* Measles
* VZV
* SARS-CoV-2
Airborne illnesses
(remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air)
* Tuberculosis
* Measles
* VZV
* SARS-CoV-2
TORCH/Congenital infections
=infections acquired in utero (transplacental) or during birth (perinatal)
Congenital infection screening in US
HIV, rubella, and syphilis 1st prenatal visit
Chlamydia, gonorrhea, GBS 3rd trimester
Repeat 1st trimester screening in high risk patients
IgM antibodies in the newborn suggest congenital infection (do not cross placenta)
Clinical suspicion for TORCHES infection
Labs during pregnancy
* Hydrops fetalis
* Microcephaly
* Seizures
* Cataract
* Hearing loss
* Congenital heart disease
* Hepatosplenomegaly
* Jaundice
* Rash
* Thrombocytopenia
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