Wk 6 - Civilian Protection Flashcards
What are the patterns of change in warfare? (x3)
Interstate decline
Overall decline
Civil wars making up greater proportion
What is intrastate war? (x2)
Two or more actors within the state
Usually govt and rebels
Most armed conflicts are… (X3)
Intrastate or internationalised intrastate conflicts
In 2012, 31/32 were,
With 8 internationalised
Pinker argued that the decline in conflict since 10 000BC is due to…(x5)
Since 10 000BC: Shift from hunter-gatherer Consolidation of state system Humanitarian revolution ‘ Long peace’ post WWII, and Improved global governance post-Cold War
Pinkers argument on the decline of conflict is criticised based on… (x2)
Archeols say there was lower battle death rates 12 000BC - inexplicable by this mode
Data issues – substantiate figures?
Goldstein argues that the decline in war is due to… (X2)
The role of the UN system and peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War
Define/compare targeting of civilians through: Genocide Politicide Mass murder Democide
Genocide: killing of people by a govt coz of group membership (race, ethnicity, religion, language)
Politicide: murder by a govt because of their politics, or for political purposes
Mass murder: indiscriminate killing by govt
Democide: murder of any people by a govt, includes genocide, politicide, mass murder
Ch 7 includes actions against.. (x2
Extreme violence by govts agains populations
That can trigger refugees, arms trade, guerrilla armies, state/regional instability
Sovereignty is protected under the UN Charter Articles 2 and 7, which state that…
No state shall threaten or use force against another
UN may not intervene in domestic matters
Chapter 6, Pacific Settlement of Disputes includes… (x3)
But not… (X1)
Parties shall seek non-military means of dispute settlement
UNSC will ask them to, and
Investigate disputes that threaten international peace
No mention of peacekeeping - ‘Ch 6.5’, done only with consent
Ch 7, Actions for threats, breaches and acts of aggression, includes… (x3)
Measures will be taken to restore peace
Doesn’t need consent, just UNSC approval
Can be given post-‘self-defence’
Issues with taking actions under Ch 7 Include… (x2)
Measures such as severing diplomatic relations can have negative side-effects – eg UN couldn’t get mail from Libya during US postal ban
Self-defence – pre-emptive force is NOT listed; US wants it, but not necessarily for everyone else to
Sanctions are... (X2) Plus egs (x2)
Tool for conflict resolution
Indirect protection, take yrs to produce effect, big harm on civilians
Eg Rhodesia/Zimbabwe 1966 sanctions = regime change in 1980, Sth Africa in 1977 also took 14 yrs
Issues with broad based sanctions… (x2)
Eg, Iraq (x4)
May change a target’s behaviour only 5-34% of the time…
Corruption an issue generally
Iraq sanctions notable for impact on populace
No goods, medicies, vaccines = inc child mortality
Madeline Albright – ‘still worth it for half a million Iraqi kids
Failures led to ‘oil for food’ program’, letting in certain supplies/allowing small oil sales, but totally corrupt system
Narrow sanctions were introduced in 1994, with a focus on... (x1) And contain (x2)
Those whose behaviour needs to change (eg limiting European travel for family/members has led to behaviour change)
Must contain humanitarian exemptions
Can include financial sanctions, arms/trade embargoes, travel/aviation bans
