Extras

Question 1

6 Reasons for the emergence of the HS concept

Answer 1

Rise of the state (national/traditional security)
But also of total war- targeting of civilians.
Rise of International Law
Decolonization/ rise of weak states
End of the Cold War – new space for different understandings of security
Change in nature of security environment.

Question 2

Which 2 documents (and main points) framed the emergence of Freedom from Want approach to HS?

Answer 2

UNDP Report 1994 - intro’d term, 7 specific forms of security, dismissed due to lack of focus on conflict
Commission on HS 2003 - notion of vital core, focus on conflict and deprivation, protection and empowerment strategies

Question 3

What 4 documents (and main points) framed the emergence of Freedom from Fear approach to HS?

Answer 3

Canada’s Freedom From Fear 2003 - primacy of physical safety, focus on protection and rights
HS Report 2005 - narrowest, violent threats to individual, focus on causes/consequences of global violence
ICISS Report 2001 - intro’d R2P and duty to intervene in extremis
UN World SAummit Dec 2005 - endorsed R2P

Question 4

The narrow vs broad approach to def, according to Paris, MacFarlane & Kong, Owen

Answer 4

HS as broad label for research category
Confine it to freedom from organised violence
Surpassing any threat level in any location can become HS issue

Question 5

The MDGs aim (re HS)

Answer 5

To attack root causes (poverty) of HS issues

Question 6

HS now evolving along which 2 lines?

Answer 6

The link between conflict and deprivation - so development and security
Protection of civilians - humanitarian assistance, rights-based programs, stopping violence/mass atrocities

Question 7

Possible HS issues (for case study) (x10)

Answer 7

War crimes/persecution?
Ability to work?
Access to education?
Displacement
Personal safety?
Access to food/water/energy?
Rights violations? Political, child-soldiers etc
Land mines
Failure of R2P? 
Actors involved?

Question 8

Possible solutions (for case study) (x9)

Answer 8

Negotiations - with whom? Concessions?
Intervention? Ch 6/7?
Humanitarian assistance?
Agencies involved? UN, ICRC, HRW
Democracy/elections?
Transitional justice
Short or long term?

Question 9

Conclusions of Orchard - Perils of Humanitarianism (x3)

Answer 9

International response is shaped by humanitarian assistance over state provisions
IO and aid agency presence = reduction of state action
Despite issues, international community not coercing states, eg with R2P doctrine

Question 10

Conclusions of Orchard - Protection of IDPs (x6)

Answer 10

IDP problems began after WWII, but sovereignty conflicted with protection of
Growing problem = need for international response
Soft law grafted IDPs onto existing IL
Guiding principles = normative framework for IOs and domestic policy
Can’t just hide behind sovereignty -
Recognition of rights = continued change in state behaviours

Question 11

Conclusions of Gibney - Ethics of Asylum (x4)

Answer 11

30 yrs of Western deterrence policies - visa regimes, carrier sanctions, airport liaison officers, detention, dispersal and restriction on welfare/housing, while
Continuing to acknowledge legal responsibilities
Western countries had large increase in asylum applications
No Convention link between refugees and generalised violence, natural disasters, plagues

Question 12

Conclusions of Betts - Survival migration (x5)

Answer 12

Drivers inadequately dealt with by existing regime
Causality is impossible to determine/irrelevant – need to focus on rights
Sub-Saharan African variable responses from inclusive to no protection, =
Need for normative/institutional reforms, as occurred with IDPs
Simplest option being soft-law framework consolidating state/IO responsibilities

Question 13

Loescher and Milner discuss… (x1)

Answer 13

Protracted refugees

Question 14

Main points of UNHCR’s State of the World’s Refugees 2012 (x6)

Answer 14

Natural disaster displacement now overtaken conflict
Changing patterns of pop growth, urbanisation, natural disasters, climate change, inc food prices and resource conflict = growing displacement
Convention system strained by increasing needs in high risk areas
Also by changes to asylum: decline in traditional solutions, variable protection
Managing risk by ‘how to stay’ rather than ‘when to leave’
Encouraging durable solutions: return, integration, resettlement

Question 15

Price’s Reversing the Gun Sites focussed on… (x2)

Offering which 4 explanations for success?

Answer 15

Landmine ban/norm change…
Disseminate information
Establish networks
Graft onto existing norms
Burden of proof

Question 16

MacFarlane and Khong explained the Evolving Critique of National Security in terms of (x6)
Concluding that (x1)

Answer 16

Effects of wars: mass casualties, strategic bombing of civilians, the holocaust, plus
Nuclear weapons/MAD, and
Cold War – proxy wars =
Re-evaluation of national security – against what? Now had economic interdependence, more pressing security threats
Interstate conflicts no longer tolerated – UN would intervene Ch 6
Changing proportions of deaths: now civilian etc
Unclear why states failing to protect their own people should have their security privileged

Question 17

Thoms, Ron and Paris’ State-level Effects of Transitional Justice offered argumetns for and against it…

Answer 17

For: TJ offers reconciliation, psych healing, respect for HR/law, establishes conditions for peace and democracy
Against: can renew conflict by reminding of divides/cause backlash, or reduce peace settlement prospects in the first place

Question 18

Bellamy/Williams discussion of the Protection of Civilians in Uncivil wars argued that the agenda had what 3 pillars?
To be achieved through… (x4)

Answer 18

Provision of vital need, protection from immediate harm, freedom to exercise HRs
Enhanced state capacities (law, military, governance)
Build community resilience (what makes region unstable?)
Strengthen peace operations (in cases of failure of R2P), and
Humanitarian intervention capacities (need force to stop eg Rwandas, Darfurs)

Question 19

Goldstein’s Decline in Armed Conflict argued that it was due to… (x3)
Challenging causal arguments based on… (x3)

Answer 19

Says its due to increased UN coordination/capabilities,
And increased peacekeeping operations
Following end of WWII, and again at end of Cold War
Nuclear deterrence, changing norms of behaviour, democratic peace theory

Question 20

Barnett/Adger linked Climate Change, HS and Violent Conflict due to… (x2)
Finding that vulnerability to climate change depended upon… (x3)

Answer 20

HS undermined by reduced access to resources = increase risk of conflict
Reduced state capacity to provide opportunities/services that protect peace
Level of dependence on natural resources, extent to which those are sensitive to climate change, and their capacity to adapt to changes in them

Question 21

Pattison’s Outsourcing the R2P argued that PMSCs should be used when… (x1)
Based on what 2 criteria?
Because the UN’s ad hoc systems are…
But Pattison didn’t mean that…

Answer 21

International community lacks resources to protect populations against threat from the big 4
PMSCs should be used for serious humanitarian crises, when likely to be successful (ie, balance of consequences)
Slow and under-resourced = ongoing violations
They shouldn’t be better regulated, or should be used in all situations

Question 22

Spearin argued in UN Peacekeeping and PMSCs that… (x1)

Concluding… (x2)

Answer 22

State and market forces have conditioned PMSCs to operate differently than during the 90s
So no longer necessarily better trained/organised/equipped – can’t respond effectively, quickly, robustly
PMSCs not gathered/employed in ways that capitalise on their skills