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BIOL125 > Wk 4: Nervous System > Flashcards

Wk 4: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system includes:

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes:

A

nerves (cranial + spinal) and autonomic ganglia

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A

The control uni, performing integration and analysis of info and then signal/command as a response

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4
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system do?

A

Relays information from internal environement and external environment to CNS then includes efferent responses from brain to target cells/organs

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5
Q

What are the 2 categories of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. Sympathetic
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6
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells able to transmit nervous message-function will vary according to the type of neurons

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7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Pseudo-unipolar, bipolar
transmit impulses towards CNS for processing

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8
Q

Interneurons

A

multipolar
Lie between motor & sensory neurons and shuttle signals through CNS pathways (99% of body’s neurons)

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

Multipolar
carry impulses from CNS to effectors for action

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10
Q

Afferent nerves

A

sensory neurons (sensory organs i.e skin-part of the CNS)

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11
Q

Efferent nerves

A

motor neurons (control muscles i.e contraction muscles-part of the PNS)

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12
Q

Neuroglia

A

Specialised cells found only in close association with neurons, don’t participate directly in info transfer-there are 4 types of neuroglia

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

make myelin on many axons (1 olgio=60 axons)

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14
Q

Astrocytes role and function (CNS)

A

Most abundant type of glia in CNS.
roles are:
1. structural support
2. provides nutrients/neuron homeostasis
3. maintains/regulates synaptic connections
4. reacts to injuries (astrogliosis)

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15
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

resident macrophages in brain-“brain immune system”
Increase in phagocytosis after injury causes cells to move to injured area

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16
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

provide lining in ventricles (involved in cerebro spinal fluid production)

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17
Q

Shwann Cells

A

Similar function to oligodentroncytes, but divide more myelinate faster and are more resistant to injury

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18
Q

Satellie cells

A

similar function to astrocytes, meaning they support neurons and enhance their function

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19
Q

What are action potentials?

A

electrical signals that propagate along axons, through rapid, transient depolarisation of the cell membrane

20
Q

What happens in action potential when the neuron is activiated?

A

When there is a change in the resting membrane potential (RMP) that reaches a certain threshold (-55mV), an action potential will be induced

21
Q

What happens in depolarisation?

A

The voltage gated Na+ channels in the neuronal membrane open and sodium flows INTO the cells, bringing +ve electrical charge, increasing membrane potential

22
Q

What happens in repolarisation?

A

When the membrane reaches a certain potential of approx 30-40mV, the voltage gated K+ channels open, leading to the exit of potassium ions out of the cell

23
Q

What happens in hyperpolarisation?

A

K+ ions continue to leave the neuron, as the voltage gated k+ channels tkae time to close, which causes the membrane potential to drop below the RMP (-70mV), until it reaches around -90mV.

24
Q

What are the 2 methods of propagating action potentials?

A
  1. Continuous propagation (unmyelinated axons)
  2. Saltatory propagation (myelinated neurons)
25
Q

What are some of the effects of fibre size on action potential production?

A
  1. as fibre sizes increases, conduction velocity of action potentials also increase
  2. Conduction velocity increases by myelination (saltatoy is faster than continuous propagation in unmyelinated axons)
26
Q

Synpases

A

junctions between neurons allowing them to communicate with one another

27
Q

Describe the function and structure of chemical synapses

A

unidirectional-most common in mammals
e.g junction between neuron, neuromuscular junction
-have essential components:
1. Pre-synpatic neuron with neurotransmitter housed in pre-synpatic neuron in vesciles
2. Post-synaptic neuron with neurotransmitters beinding sites
3. cleft/gap with enzymes to degrade left over neurotransmitters

28
Q

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Hyperpolarisation of the post synaptic membrane, leading to the inhibition of the post-synaptic neuron

29
Q

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (ESPS)

A

Activation of the post-synaptic membrane
Occurs when the effectors of the neurotransmitters on the post-synaptic receptors are excitatory, the binding of the ligand on the receptor leads to the entry of +ve charges in cells, inducing a depolarisation of the post-synaptic membrane

30
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers releases through a membrane through exocytosis and bind to specific receptors at the postsynaptic neuronal membrane.

31
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms to inactivate neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. can be broken down by specfic enzymes in the synpatic cleft
  2. may be reuptake at pre-synaptic button by specific transporter
  3. Can be diffused away
32
Q

List and describe the 2 main neurotransmitters in the brain.

A
  1. Glutamate
    - major excitatory NT in CNS (learning & memory)
    - act on metabotropic and ionotropic receptors
  2. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
    - major inhibitory NT in the CNS
    - act on GABAergic receptors (ligand gated channel recptors)
33
Q

What is the Dura Mater?

A

“hard mother”
external layer of the brain which is thick, though, inelastic

34
Q

What is the Arachnoid Mater?

A

thin cell layer with arachnoid trabecullae (web-like collagen projections to pia layer)

35
Q

What is the Pia Mater?

A

“tender mother”
internal layer-thin, delicate and tightly covers external contours of brain with blood vessels

36
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A

Site of relay & processing centers

37
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A
  • Highest centre for autonomic control i.e HR, BP, digestion ect
  • control & integration centre connected to the limbic system (emotion, behaviour ect) and appetite regulation
  • also responsible for hormone regulation
38
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Important for motor control (sleep/awake, attention, temp, auditory & visual information)

39
Q

What is PONS?

A
  • relays sensory information to cerebellum & thalamus
  • contains subconscious somatic and visceral centres
40
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Relays information & contains autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive activities)

41
Q

What makes up the brain stem

A

both the midbrain, PONS and medulla oblongata form the brainstem region, which gives rise to the majority of cranial nerves

42
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A
  • connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain and is made of mainly nerve fibres
  • important for lateralisation (right side= intutive, left side= logical, rational and analytical)
43
Q

Where is Cerebro Spinal fluid located?

A

located within 4 ventricles in the brain:
- 2 lateral ventricles (1 in each ventricle)
- 1 in diencephalon
- 1 in brainstem

44
Q

How is Cerebro Spinal Fluid produced and what are its functions?

A

-CSF is produced by ependymal cells located in the choroid plexi at the base of the 3rd and 4th ventricles
functions:
1. cushions delicate neural structures
2. Supports brain (oxygen, nutrients)
3. Transports chemical messages, waste products (maintains homeostasis)

45
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

A blanket of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres

46
Q

What are the 4 lobes that form the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Frontal lobe

BIOL125 (4 decks)

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