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BIOL125 > Wk 3: Cell metabolism, tissues and homeostasis > Flashcards

Wk 3: Cell metabolism, tissues and homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism

A

the sum of all biochemical reactions that occur in the body

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2
Q

What are the two types of metabolic reactions?

A
  1. Catabolic reactions
  2. Anabolic reactions
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3
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

-breakdown of larger/complex organic molecules into smaller ones
-release energy (produce more energy than they use: exergonic)
-used in glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain and food digestion
-give off heat when larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

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4
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

-use simple molecules/monomers to make larger organic molecules
-consume energy (use more energy than they produce: endergonic)
-male protein from amino acids and phospholipids from fatty acids
-use ATP to make larger molecules from smaller ones

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5
Q

Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)

A

cells “energy currency”
-powers activities e.g muscle contraction, chromosome movement, anabolic reactions ect
-transfers energy released from exergonic (catabolic) reactions to power endergonic (energy requiring reactions)

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6
Q

Describe ATP structure

A

-3 phosphate groups attached to adenosine (adenine + sugar)
-energy stored in phosphate bonds
-ATPase hydrolyses ATP into ADP + phosphate group, releasing energy stores in the phosphate bond
-ATP synthase catalyses he addition of a phosphate group to ADP to reform ATP

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7
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

the oxidation of glucose (removal of electrons and H+ atoms) to produce ATP

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8
Q

Name the 3 sets of cellular respiration reactions

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreb’s/citric acid cycle
  3. Electron transport chain (ETC)
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9
Q

Explain everything you know about Glycolysis

A
  • breakdown of glucose
    -occurs in the cytosol
    -does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
    -catabolic process, uses 2 ATP and produced 4 ATP
    -glucose becomes 2 pyruvic acids
    -if O2 is not available (e.g during strenuous exercise), pyruvic acids then becomes lactic acid/lactate.
    -if O2 is available, pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and is converted to acetyl coenzyme A. Acetyl coenzyme A enters the Kreb’s cycle
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10
Q

Explain everything you know about the Kreb’s cycle

A

-requires oxygen
-acetyl COA enters the Kreb cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria
-kreb’s cycle releases C02
-energy (electrons) transferrred to 2 energy carrying coenzymes, NAD & FAD
-for each turn of the cycle (citric–>oxaloacetic acid): 3NADH, 3H+, 1FADH & 1ATP are produced
-2 turns of the cycle per glucose (2 pyruvic acid) generates 2 ATP

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11
Q

Explain everything you know about the Electron transport chain (ETC)

A

-requires O2
-on inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae increases S.A
-integral memrane proteins that are electron carriers from a chain in the membrane
-electrons passed through the chain generating ATP by pumping out H+ (chemiosmosis)
-final electron acceptor=O2
-26-28 ATP are produced

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12
Q

How much ATP does each cellular reaction produce?

A
  1. Glycolysis (anareobic) 2 ATP
  2. Kreb’s cycle (aerobic) 2 ATP
  3. ETC (aerobic) 26-28 ATP
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13
Q

Name 3 examples of metabolism

A
  1. Glycogenesis
  2. Glycogolysis
  3. Gluconeogenesis
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14
Q

Explain Glycogenesis (synthesis of glucogen)

A

Glucose storage when blood glucose is too high
-triggered by insulin
-glycogen: many molecules of glucose joined together
-glucose storage in liver and skeletal muscle cells
-formed when not needed to produce ATP inside cells

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15
Q

Explain Glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen)

A

glucose release from storage when blood glucose level is low
-triggered by glucagon & adrenaline
-when blood glucose levels drop, stored glycogen in hepatocytes release glucose into blood
*skeletal muscles do not release glucose from gylcogenolysis into blood, it is kept for their own use

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16
Q

Explain Gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources)

A

Production of glucose when blood glucose level is low
-triggered by cortisol & glucagon
-generation of ATP from non-carb sources
-amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol can be used
-60% of body’s amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells which carry out specific functions by working cooperatively
tissues work together to form an organ

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18
Q

4 types of body tissues

A
  1. epethial (covers)
  2. connective (supports)
  3. Nervous (controls)
  4. Muscle (moves)
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19
Q

Epethial tissue function & structure

A

-lining of GI tract, organs and other hollow organs, epidermis
-functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion
-Classified by shape and no. of layers
-Avasular-without blood cells
-high rate of mitosis-cells are contantly replaced

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20
Q

Connective tissue structure & function

A

functions:
-supports and binds other tissues
-provides insulation & protection to internal organs
-protective sheath around skeletal muscles

-classified according to physical properties
-all tissues types expect fluid connective tissues share 3 basic components:
1. specialised cells
2. extra-cellular protein fibres
3. ground substance (material between cells)

21
Q

Ground substance

A

stores water and supports cells by bindings them together using proteoglycans and adhesive proteins such as fibonectin

22
Q

List the 5 types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Connective tissues proper (dense: regular & irregular)
  3. Loose connective tissue
  4. Supporting connective tissue
  5. Fluid connective tissue
23
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

-large amount of background matrix, protein fibres and some cells
-reticular fibres form a mesh to support the tissue; elastic fibres give the tissue stretch and recoil ability
-fiboroblasts build CT & secrete fibres

24
Q

Connective tissue proper-DENSE

A

“dense” indicates CT has losts of collagen fibres
regular:
-large no. of collagen proteins=parallel; provides max tissue strength
irregular:
-large no. collagen; however arranged along different planes

25
Q

Loose connective tisue

A

-adipose tissue=type of loose CT that provides insulation & stores lipids as an e energy source in the hypodermis, bone marrow and fat cells
-reticulalr tissue-forms a meshwork to support body tissues & organs

26
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

-3 types of cartilage in the body
-consists of collageneous fibres imbedded in a firm matrix of chondroitin sulphates

27
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

blood=1 of the CT
-contains erythrocytes & various types of leukocytes that circulate in an EC matrix
lymph=other type of FCT

28
Q

Muscle tissue

A

specialised for contraction to facilitate movement, joint stability, structural control, production of heart, ect

29
Q

List and describe the 3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal (attached to bone, contracts to move the body)
  2. Smooth (forms walls of hollow organs, contracts to move substances/objects through internal passageways)
  3. Cardiac (forms walls of heart, contracts to pump blood into circulation)
30
Q

Nervous tissue

A

-primary function=communication
types:
-neurons (nerve cells)
-neroglia (supports cells/supplys nutrients to neurons)

31
Q

Membranes

A

Sheets of flexible tissue that line/cover a part of the body
Most membranes are composed of epithelium and an underlying CT; known as epithelium membranes

32
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

skin-covers the body’s surface

33
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.
Coated with the secretions of mucous glands

34
Q

Serous membranes

A

line body cavities close to the exterior of the body; the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities

35
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Line joint cavities and produce fluid within the join

36
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to maintain a stable (balanced) internal environment in the face of variable external conditions through constant interactions of the body’s many regulatory processes

37
Q

Equilibrium

A

constant state of balance required to keep us alive

38
Q

Hypoglycaemic

A

not enough glucose in the blood

39
Q

Hyperglycaemic

A

Too much glucose in the blood

40
Q

How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis?

A

Sends electrical messages (nerve impulses) along nerves to organs that can act to counter the change

41
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

A

Sends out chemical messages (hormones) from the glands into the blood

42
Q

Controlled condition

A

variable that is monitored e.g temp, BP, blood glucose

43
Q

Stimulus

A

Any disruption to the controlled condition

44
Q

Receptor

A

Detects the change and notifies control centre e.g nerve ending

45
Q

Control centre

A

sets range and receives information from the receptor.
evaluates and processes the information, determines what action to take and sends output commands to the effector

46
Q

Effector

A

receives commands from control centre and produces response

47
Q

Response

A

Effect that changes the controlled condition

48
Q

Negative feedback

A

when the response opposes the initial stimulus to reverse the change
most homeostatic mechanisms are negative feedback loops
e.g body temp, BP, blood pH, ect

49
Q
A

BIOL125 (4 decks)

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