Wk 1: Level of body organisation, cells & membrane transport Flashcards
Anatomy
The scientific study of the body’s structures i.e what does it look like, where is it? ect
Physiology
The study of how the body works; function of body partys & how they work together to maintain life i.e what does it do, how does it work? ect
Histology
Study of biological cells & tissues
Anatomical position
porvides a common world-wide reference point for describing the location of body parts & regions: Standing ERECT, HEAD level eyes facing FORWARD, hands at SIDE & palms FORWARD, legs PARALLEL, feet FLAT on the floor
Co-operative hierarchy (smallest to biggest)
atoms, complex protein molecule, protein filaments, muscle cell i.e heart muscle, organ level i.e heart, organ system level i.e cardiovascular system, organism level (human)
Atoms
Smallest chemical units of matter
Molecules
A group of atoms working together i.e C02, H20
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids/fats, nucleic acids
Body cavities
Spaces that enclose internal organs; separated by bones, muscles, ligaments & membranes.
they allow your organs to expand and contract without distorting/changing tissues & without disturbing activities of nearby organs.
What are the 2 major body cavities that humans have?
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal/pelvic cavity
these cavities are separated by a muscle called the diaphragm
Define and descibe the two classes of cells
- germ cells (sperm/egg cells)
- somatic cells (all other body cells)
What are the 3 main components of a cell?
- Plasma (cell) membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
- maintains the composition of intra cellular fluid & extra-cellular fluid
- determines movement of substances into & out of cells
- links adjacent cells
- communicates with other cells and organs
What are the structural features of the plasma membrane?
- made up of a phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic phosphate HEADS and hydrophobic lipid TAILS)
- proteins-channels, gates, pumps, carrier proteins, receptors, anchoring proteins
Glycoprotein
a protein with carbohydrate attached
Glycolipid
lipid with carbohydrate arrached
What is selective permeability?
when the lipid bilayer lets some substances in/pout of the cell but stops others based on: size (don’t allow larger molecules), charge (doesn’t allow charged molecules), solubility (can’t be water soluble)
What is passive transport?
random motion & collisions from ions & molecules moving DOWN an electrical concentration gradient i.e high–>low concentration (no energy needed)
What is active transport?
requires energy (ATP). substances move against gradient
What molecules undergo simple diffusion?
small, uncharged, lipid soluble
Facilitated Diffusion
occurs through a channel/carrier protein
large, charged or water soluble molecules
Osmosis
then molecules move from low solute-high solute i.e high water-low water
Hypotonic
high water
Hypertonic
low water
Active Transport
ATP is required
molecules move from low concentration-high concentration (OPPOSITE to simple & facilitated diffusion)
cytosol
the fluid between the cell and the nucleus
Cytoplasm
the entire cell (fluid + the organelles inside of the cell)
location where most cellular activities occur, such as metabolic pathways including glycolysis and cell division
Nucleus
stores the DNA; control and coordinates cell functions, including growth, cell division, metabolism and protein synthesis
Vesicle
membrane enclosed sac used to take in, transport, and secrete substances in and out of the cell
Ribosome
responsible for protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A major site of protein synthesis because of the presence of attached ribosomes. Modifies newly synthesised proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates and regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membranes
Golgi
Storage alteration and packing of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
Mitochondria
Produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell-energy powerhouse
Lysosome
Specialised vesicle formed from the golgi, responsible for intracellular breakdown (lysis), and removal of damaged organelles/pathogens by the enzymes
Cell membrane
separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment. controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. responsible for impulse generation. Accommodates-or anchors-a number of extra or intracellular structures including cell wall, glycocalyx, cilia and cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments that liw in the cytosol to provide support (scaffold) for cell contents, strength and structure to cell and facilitate environment
centrioles
Protein filament structure located close to the nucleus. Has an essential role in cell division by supporting chromosomes as they separate and migrate
Microvilli
Specialised arrangement of the plasma membrane creating small folds to provide cell with increased surface area for exchange with the extracellular environment (e.g., increase absorption of nutrients)
cillia
Projections of the plasma membrane (longer than microvilli) that are internally supported and strengthened by protein filaments which move in a coordinated process to move fluid and other substances along the external cell surface
Anterior (or ventral)
Nearer to the front/the front surface/abdominal
Caudal
towards the tail
Cranial
towards the head
deep
towards the interior of the body; farther from the surface
Distal
Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
Lateral
Away from the midline
Medial
towards the midline
Posterior (or dorsal)
further back in position/the back surface
Proximal
toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial
At near, or relatively close to the body surface
Sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body/organ into right and left sides
Midsagittal/median plane
divides the body/organ into equal left/right sides
Parasagittal plane
Midline divides into unequal right/left sides
frontal/coronal plane
divides body/organ into anterior & posterior (front & back) portions
transverse plane
divides body/organ into superior & interior (upper & lower) portions
Oblique plane
passes through the body/organ at a 90° angle
