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BIOL125 > Wk 1: Level of body organisation, cells & membrane transport > Flashcards

Wk 1: Level of body organisation, cells & membrane transport Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The scientific study of the body’s structures i.e what does it look like, where is it? ect

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how the body works; function of body partys & how they work together to maintain life i.e what does it do, how does it work? ect

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3
Q

Histology

A

Study of biological cells & tissues

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4
Q

Anatomical position

A

porvides a common world-wide reference point for describing the location of body parts & regions: Standing ERECT, HEAD level eyes facing FORWARD, hands at SIDE & palms FORWARD, legs PARALLEL, feet FLAT on the floor

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5
Q

Co-operative hierarchy (smallest to biggest)

A

atoms, complex protein molecule, protein filaments, muscle cell i.e heart muscle, organ level i.e heart, organ system level i.e cardiovascular system, organism level (human)

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6
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest chemical units of matter

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7
Q

Molecules

A

A group of atoms working together i.e C02, H20

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids/fats, nucleic acids

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9
Q

Body cavities

A

Spaces that enclose internal organs; separated by bones, muscles, ligaments & membranes.
they allow your organs to expand and contract without distorting/changing tissues & without disturbing activities of nearby organs.

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10
Q

What are the 2 major body cavities that humans have?

A
  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominal/pelvic cavity
    these cavities are separated by a muscle called the diaphragm
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11
Q

Define and descibe the two classes of cells

A
  1. germ cells (sperm/egg cells)
  2. somatic cells (all other body cells)
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12
Q

What are the 3 main components of a cell?

A
  1. Plasma (cell) membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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13
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. maintains the composition of intra cellular fluid & extra-cellular fluid
  2. determines movement of substances into & out of cells
  3. links adjacent cells
  4. communicates with other cells and organs
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14
Q

What are the structural features of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. made up of a phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic phosphate HEADS and hydrophobic lipid TAILS)
  2. proteins-channels, gates, pumps, carrier proteins, receptors, anchoring proteins
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15
Q

Glycoprotein

A

a protein with carbohydrate attached

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16
Q

Glycolipid

A

lipid with carbohydrate arrached

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17
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

when the lipid bilayer lets some substances in/pout of the cell but stops others based on: size (don’t allow larger molecules), charge (doesn’t allow charged molecules), solubility (can’t be water soluble)

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18
Q

What is passive transport?

A

random motion & collisions from ions & molecules moving DOWN an electrical concentration gradient i.e high–>low concentration (no energy needed)

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19
Q

What is active transport?

A

requires energy (ATP). substances move against gradient

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20
Q

What molecules undergo simple diffusion?

A

small, uncharged, lipid soluble

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

occurs through a channel/carrier protein
large, charged or water soluble molecules

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

then molecules move from low solute-high solute i.e high water-low water

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23
Q

Hypotonic

A

high water

24
Q

Hypertonic

A

low water

25
Q

Active Transport

A

ATP is required
molecules move from low concentration-high concentration (OPPOSITE to simple & facilitated diffusion)

26
Q

cytosol

A

the fluid between the cell and the nucleus

27
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the entire cell (fluid + the organelles inside of the cell)
location where most cellular activities occur, such as metabolic pathways including glycolysis and cell division

28
Q

Nucleus

A

stores the DNA; control and coordinates cell functions, including growth, cell division, metabolism and protein synthesis

29
Q

Vesicle

A

membrane enclosed sac used to take in, transport, and secrete substances in and out of the cell

30
Q

Ribosome

A

responsible for protein synthesis

31
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A major site of protein synthesis because of the presence of attached ribosomes. Modifies newly synthesised proteins

32
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates and regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membranes

33
Q

Golgi

A

Storage alteration and packing of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell-energy powerhouse

35
Q

Lysosome

A

Specialised vesicle formed from the golgi, responsible for intracellular breakdown (lysis), and removal of damaged organelles/pathogens by the enzymes

36
Q

Cell membrane

A

separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment. controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. responsible for impulse generation. Accommodates-or anchors-a number of extra or intracellular structures including cell wall, glycocalyx, cilia and cytoskeleton

37
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments that liw in the cytosol to provide support (scaffold) for cell contents, strength and structure to cell and facilitate environment

38
Q

centrioles

A

Protein filament structure located close to the nucleus. Has an essential role in cell division by supporting chromosomes as they separate and migrate

39
Q

Microvilli

A

Specialised arrangement of the plasma membrane creating small folds to provide cell with increased surface area for exchange with the extracellular environment (e.g., increase absorption of nutrients)

40
Q

cillia

A

Projections of the plasma membrane (longer than microvilli) that are internally supported and strengthened by protein filaments which move in a coordinated process to move fluid and other substances along the external cell surface

41
Q

Anterior (or ventral)

A

Nearer to the front/the front surface/abdominal

42
Q

Caudal

A

towards the tail

43
Q

Cranial

A

towards the head

44
Q

deep

A

towards the interior of the body; farther from the surface

45
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

46
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

47
Q

Medial

A

towards the midline

48
Q

Posterior (or dorsal)

A

further back in position/the back surface

49
Q

Proximal

A

toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

50
Q

Superficial

A

At near, or relatively close to the body surface

51
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body/organ into right and left sides

52
Q

Midsagittal/median plane

A

divides the body/organ into equal left/right sides

53
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Midline divides into unequal right/left sides

54
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides body/organ into anterior & posterior (front & back) portions

55
Q

transverse plane

A

divides body/organ into superior & interior (upper & lower) portions

56
Q

Oblique plane

A

passes through the body/organ at a 90° angle

BIOL125 (4 decks)

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