Wk 2: Cell to cell communication, cell division, genetics and inheritance

Question 1

Juxtacrine (direct) communication

Answer 1

contact dependent signalling
cells need to be in physical contact with each other through signalling membrane proteins

Question 2

Indirect comminication

Answer 2

no direct contact between communicating cells
requires specific messenger molecules

Question 3

What are the 5 main types of indirect cell to cell communication?

Answer 3

1. Endocrine
2. Neurocrine/neuroendocrine
3. Paracrine
4. Autocrine
5. Neurotransmission

Question 4

What types of indirect communication occur via the blood?

Answer 4

1. Endocrine
2. Neurocrine

Question 5

What types of indirect communication act on nearby cells?

Answer 5

1. Paracrine
2. Autocrine
3. Neurotransmission

Question 6

Endocrine cell communication

Answer 6

Involves an endocrine cell producing a hormone (e.g adrenal gland producing cortisol) which travels through the bloodstream to reach target cell

Question 7

Neuroendocrine cell communication

Answer 7

Involves a neuroendocrine cell (present in the brain) which produces a neurohormone (e.g oxytocin, ADH), then travelling via the blood stream to reach the target cell (e.g kidney)

Question 8

Paracrine cell communication

Answer 8

Involves a paracrine cell which secretes/release a messenger molecule (paracrine molecule) which is then able to act on target cells which are nearby

Question 9

Autocrine cell communication

Answer 9

Involves an autocrine cell producing an autocrine molecule. Target cells it can act on are only other autocrine cells (e.g immune cells)

Question 10

Neurotransmission cell communication

Answer 10

Involves a neuron which produces the messenger molecule, neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter can act on several molecule types i.e smooth muscle, gland ot another neuron

Question 11

Neurosecretion

Answer 11

A neuro hormone is released from a neuron and travels via the bloodstream to teach the target cell

Question 12

Neurotransmission

Answer 12

A neurotransmitter is released from the neuron and travels via the synapse to reach another neuron, gland or muscle

Question 13

Hormones

Answer 13

essential in the human body for roles such as:
1. control growth & development
2. Metabolism & energy balance
3. Immune system response

Question 14

What are the 2 types of hormones?

Answer 14

1. Water soluble hormones
2. Lipid soluble hormones

Question 15

Water soluble hormones

Answer 15

e.g amine, insulin, glucagon
these hormones are secreted through exocytosis, travel through the blood stream, attach to a receptor on the target cell

Question 16

Lipid soluble hormone

Answer 16

e.g steroid hormones, thyroid

Question 17

Synergistic target cell response

Answer 17

enhance action of another hormone
e.g glucagon and adrenaline both raise blood glucose)

Question 18

Antagonistic target cell response

Answer 18

Oppose action of another hormone
e.g glucagon raises blood glucose, insulin reduces it)

Question 19

Ligand receptors

Answer 19

specific proteins that function when a specific molecule binds to the receptors

Question 20

Gene

Answer 20

unit of heredity
found at a specific location on a chromosome
codes for a specific protein/enzyme to be made

Question 21

Allele

Answer 21

alternate DNA sequence version of a gene
2 per gene on autosomes (1 from mum, 1 from dad)

Question 22

Autosome

Answer 22

chromosome pairs 1-22 (same in males and females)_

Question 23

Sex chromsome

Answer 23

pair 23 (XX in F, XY in M)

Question 24

Mitosis

Question 25

Meiosis

Answer 25

forms gametes
New cells=different from parent cells (creates 4 genetically different daughter cells)
2 rounds of division; 1st division halves the chromosome number
Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I & cytokinesis, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II & cytokinesis

Question 26

Mutation

Answer 26

change in the DNA sequence for a gene–>new allele
can be a single nucleotide change/swap or multiple ones