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PHA333 > Wk 31 - Sleep disorders 1 > Flashcards

Wk 31 - Sleep disorders 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sleep characterised by?

A
  • Red in sensory activity + voluntary body movement
  • Red/absent awareness of surroundings
  • Altered state of consciousness
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2
Q

What is sleep controlled by?

A
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Hormones
  • Env factors
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3
Q

What are the EEG patterns during wakefulness?

A
  • a activity (8-12 Hz): relaxed state

- b activity (13-30 Hz): aroused state

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4
Q

What are the 4 frequency ranges of waves distinguished in an EEG trace?

A
  • Beta: 13-15 to 60 Hz + amplitude of 30uV
  • Alpha: 8-12Hz + amplitude of 30-50uV
  • Theta: 3-4 to 7-8Hz + amplitude of 50-100uV
  • Delta: 0.5 to 3 or 4Hz + amplitude 100 to 200uV
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5
Q

Waking state

A
  • Eyes open

- B activity

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6
Q

Stage 1 non-rem sleep

A
  • Transition from being awake to falling asleep

- Rapid B waves (13-30Hz + 30uV) replaced by slower a waves (18-12Hz + 30-50uV)

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7
Q

Stage 2 non-rem sleep

A
  • Light sleep
  • Irregular EEG. freq. dec + amplitude inc: Period of 0 activity + occasional sleep spindles (12-14Hz, 20-100uV) + K complex (0.5-0.7 Hz, >100 uV)
  • Sleep spindles occur 2-5x a min
  • K complex only found during stage 2
  • 45-55% of total sleep time
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8
Q

Stage 3 non-rem sleep

A
  • Passage to deep sleep
  • High amplitudes (<3.5 Hz + 100-150 uV)
  • Contains 20-50% theta activity
  • Sleep spindles + k complexes less often
  • Lasts 10mins during 1st sleep cycle
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9
Q

Stage 4 non-rem sleep

A
  • Deepest stage
  • EEG waves dominated by theta waves
  • Neuronal activity at lowest
  • 50% theta activity
  • Brains temp at lowest
  • BR, HR + BP red
  • Muscle still have tonus
  • Lasts 35-40 mins during 1st sleep cycle
  • 15-20% ot total sleep
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10
Q

What happens when you wake someone up from sleep stage 4?

A

Person is groggy + confused

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11
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A
  • Rapid eye movement
  • Presence of b activity (13-30Hz)
  • Person easily aroused + when woken alert + attentive
  • Dreams occur
  • 25% of sleep cycle
  • Pons + medulla sends signals to relax muscles essential for posture + limb movement
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12
Q

How long does a sleep cycle last + how often does it occur?

A
  • 4-5 times
  • 90-110 minutes
  • 1st cycle = short REM + long deep sleep, as night progresses, REM inc
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13
Q

Human sleep propensity is regulated by what?

A
  • Circadian process - promotes alertness during day + sleep at night
  • Homeostatic process - drive sleep propensity in dependence on degree of sleep loss
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14
Q

What is sleep-wake homeostasis?

A
  • Keeps track of need for sleep

- Evident in: night shift worker, jet lag, during wakefulness adenosine conc inc

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15
Q

What has the greatest influence on sleep?

A

Light

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16
Q

What is the circadian clock?

A
  • Regulates sleep
  • Located: suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Light synchronizes internal biological clock to env cycle
17
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A
  • Circadian pacemaker
  • Stimulate pineal gland to prod + release melatonin when light dec
  • Inc melatonin, inc sleepiness
18
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A
  • Endocrine gland located near centre of brain btw 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • Prod melatonin
19
Q

What functions is the pineal gland involved in?

A
  • Secretion of melatonin
  • Regulate endocrine functions
  • Conversion of NS signals to endocrine signals
  • Causes sleepiness
  • Influences sexual development + immune system function
  • Antioxidant activity
20
Q

What is the pituitary gland + what does is release?

A
  • Pea-sized gland in hypothalamus

- GH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, ACTH, ADH + oxytocin

21
Q

Which hormones show significant interaction with sleep-wakefulness patterns?

A
  • Growth hormone: released early in night
  • Sleep stims prolactin secretion peaks middle of night
  • TSH: peak prior sleep onset
  • TSH secretion inhibited by sleep + stim by sleep deprivation
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: inactive at nocturnal sleep onset
  • Cortisol: inhibited during sleep onset
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone + cortisol rise at end of sleep
22
Q

Give examples of neurotransmitters + peptides that play a role in sleep

A
  • 5 HT from dorsal + medial raphe
  • ACh from PPT + LDT of pons
  • DA from PAG
  • NA from locus coeruleus
  • Histamine from tuberomammillary nucleus
  • Adenosine from basal forebrain nuclei
23
Q

Outline the mechanism of the melanin concentrating hormone and orexin from the LHA during sleep

A
  • MCH neurones release GABA
  • GABA promotes sleep
  • MCH + orexin have antagonistic relationship
  • Orexin active during wake periods
  • MCH more active during sleep

PHA333 (35 decks)

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