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MCC > Wk 3 Cancer > Flashcards

Wk 3 Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is a driver mutation?

A

A mutation that promotes development or progression of cancers

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2
Q

What is a passenger mutation?

A

A mutation without phenotypic consequence for the cancer cell

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3
Q

What are subclones?

A

clone selected from a clone especially after a mutation occurs

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4
Q

What are 5 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. senescent cells
  2. polymorphic microbiomes
  3. nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming
  4. unlocking phenotypic plasticity
  5. FINISH
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5
Q

What is an analogy for tumors?

A

Like wounds that do not heal (chronic inflammation)

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6
Q

Targets to limit cancer cell growth

A
  1. DNA synthesis
  2. purine ring biosynthesis
  3. block topoisomerase
  4. block signaling pathways
  5. inhibit ribonucleotide reductase
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6
Q

Targets to limit cancer cell growth

A
  1. DNA synthesis
  2. purine ring biosynthesis
  3. block topoisomerase
  4. block signaling pathways
  5. inhibit ribonucleotide reductase
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7
Q

What is induction chemotherapy?

A

treatment of disease to achieve remission

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8
Q

What is consolidation chemotherapy?

A

given after induction to control microscopic disease

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9
Q

What is maintenance chemotherapy?

A

given over long-term basis to maintain remission

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10
Q

What is salvage chemotherapy?

A

chemotherapy given after relapse or refractory to previous therapy

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11
Q

What does hydroxyurea do?

A

Inhibits ribonucleotide reducase, inhibiting nucleotide synthesis

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12
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

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13
Q

What are the purines?

A

adenine, guanine

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14
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A
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15
Q

What is a transversion?

A

mutation to different type (pyrimidine to purine or visa versa)

16
Q

What is a transition?

A

Mutation from one purine to another (or pyrimidine)

17
Q

What is PRPP?

A

phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
- its conversion to 5-PR-1amine is the committed step in purine synthesis and is highly regulated
- either talking about do novo purine synthesis OR cancer drugs?

18
Q

Why is glutamine so imp?

A

Imp role in purine and pyrimide synthesis
-cancer cells love it b/c they use it to make nucleotides
-imp in de novo synthesis of nucleotides

19
Q

3 sources of nucleotides in humans

A
  1. dietary uptake - minimal
  2. most cells can synthesize nucleotides do novo, but hepatocytes are responsible for most production w/ RBCs transporting products to other tissues
  3. most cells can salvage free bases by attaching them to PRPP to make nucleotides. * Base analogs as drugs that can be taken up by cells but have altered properties
    -utilized the most as we try to stop cancer replication w/ uptake -> harm the cell
20
Q

What is HGPRTase?

A

enzyme that salvages prodrugs, converting them to drug forms that can inhibit steps in purine snythesis or cause mutations after being incorporated into DNA

21
Q

What does adenosine deaminase (ADA) do?

A

acts in RNA/DNA catabolism
-lack of ADA -> severe combined immunodeficieny (SCID) due to increased dAMP (which -> increased dATP), shutting down RNR (ribonucleotide reductase)

22
Q

What does lack of HGPRTase cause?

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

23
Q

What does catabolism of RNA/DNA produce?

A

uric acid, since we lack uricase
-excess uric acid precipitates -> gout and tumor lysis syndrome (kidneys)

24
Q

How can uric acid levels be reduced?

A

by inhibiting xanthine oxidase w/ Allopurinol (Febuxostat) or providing uricase (rasburicase…only used in cases of acute hyperuricemia)

25
Q

What is SCID?

A

build up of dAMP becaue of lack of ADA (adenosine deaminase) to convert it to dIMP

26
Q

Lesch-Nyham syndrome

A

Absent HGPRT:
hyperuricemia
gout
pissed off (aggression, self-mutilation)
retardation (intellectual)
dysTonia

27
Q

What enzyme do all dNTPS require for synthesis?

A

ribonucleotide reductase (RNR)
-makes a stable free radical (scavenged/killed by hydroxyurea)

28
Q

What causes RNR to shut down?

A

High levels of dATP -> RNR stops -> DNA replication stops
*An immune response requires amplification of hematopoietic stem cells and expansion of the B and T cells, which requires DNA replication. No RNR activity, no immune response.

29
Q

What causes hyperuricemia?

A

A. factors that increase urate:
1. chronic renal insufficiency
2. chemotherapy
3. excess EtOH
4. excess purine-rich foods

B. Tx for hyperuricemia and gout
1. Allopurinol, febuxostat, or other xanthine inhibitors
2. rasburicase
3. cochicine (only for gout)

MCC (44 decks)

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