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Psychology 1A > WK 2 - Research Methods > Flashcards

WK 2 - Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

The most important descriptive statistics are measures of ___________, which provide an index of the way a typical participant responded to a measure.

A

central tendency

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2
Q

The ___________ is the statistical average of the scores of all participants.

A

mean

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3
Q

The ___________ is the most common or frequent score or value of the variable observed in the sample

A

mode

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4
Q

The ___________ is the score that falls right in the middle of the distribution of scores; half of the participants score below it and half above it.

A

median

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5
Q

___________ refers to the extent to which participants tend to differ from one another in their scores.

A

Variability

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6
Q

The ___________ refers to the amount that the average participant deviates from the mean of the sample.

A

standard deviation

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7
Q

A ___________ is a symmetrical shape that represents the distribution of values, frequencies, or probabilities of a set of data.

A

bell curve

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8
Q

Psychologists apply tests of statistical significance to determine whether positive results are likely to have occurred simply by chance.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Psychologists accept p values that fall below .05 (that have a probability of being accidental of less than 5 percent).

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Statistical techniques are useful ways of making an argument, and are foolproof methods for establishing psychological truths.
TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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11
Q

Statistical techniques are useful ways of making an argument and are foolproof methods for establishing psychological truths.

TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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12
Q

Common statistical tests are ?

Chi-square
Median
P Value
Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA)

A

Chi-square
Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA)

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13
Q

Which research method manipulates variables to assess cause and effect?

A

Experimental

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14
Q

Which research method uses in-depth observation of a small number of cases?

A

Case study

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15
Q

Which research method uses in-depth observation of a penomenon as it occurs in nature?

A

Naturalistic observation

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16
Q

Which research method asks people questions about their attitudes, behaviour, etc?

A

Survey research

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17
Q

Which research method examines the extent to which two or more variables are related and can be used to predict one another?

A

Correlational research

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18
Q

Case studies, naturalistic observation and survey research are all examples of the _____________ research method.

A

Descriptive

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19
Q

The strength of the _____________ research method is the ability to demonstrate cause and effect.

A

Experimental

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20
Q

_____________ research describes phenomena as they already exist rather than manipulating variables.

A

Descriptive

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21
Q

_______________ research assesses the degree to which two variables are related

A

Correlational

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22
Q

Straw man, appeals to popularity, appeals to authority and arguments directed to the person are all examples of what?

A

Logical fallacies

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23
Q

___________ methods tend to be most useful in the context of discovery, where as ___________ methods tend to be the most useful in the context of justification.

A

Descriptive, experimental

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24
Q

Although I ran an elegant study which produced significant differences between groups in my lab, my results don’t actually predict what people do in the real world. My study is very low in:

A

External validity

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25
Q

An experiment compares student GPAs between those who eat breakfast and those who don’t. After the experiment, it is found that those who eat breakfast in the cafeteria are also listening to music. Not only do the two groups differ in terms of who has breakfast, but they also differ in terms of who hears the music. Music is a:

A

Possible confounding variable

26
Q

What is a sample that draws a proportion from each population category?

A

Stratified random sample

27
Q

If I perform some statistics on the data that I have gathered, and those statistics merely summarise the findings, I must have used:

A

Descriptive statistics

28
Q

__________ is the extent to which results can be applied to the population.

A

Generalisability

29
Q

Experimental research manipulates _______________ variables to see their effect on _______________ variables.

A

Independent, dependent

30
Q

The most important descriptive statistics are the measures of ____________, which provide an index of the way a typical participant responded on a measure.

A

central tendency

31
Q

The ____________ is the statistical average of the scores of all participants

A

mean

32
Q

The ____________ is the most common or frequent score of value of the variable observed in the sample.

A

mode

33
Q

The ____________ is the score that falls right in the middle of the distribution of scores; half of the participants score below it and half above it.

A

median

34
Q

____________ refers to the extent to which participants tend to differ from one another in their scores.

A

Variability

35
Q

The ____________ refers to the amount that the average participant deviates from the mean of the sample.

A

standard deviation

36
Q

The ____________ refers to the amount that the average participant deviates from the mean of the sample.

A

standard deviation

37
Q

A ____________ is a symmetrical shape that represents the distribution of values, frequencies, or probabilities of a set of data.

A

bell curve

38
Q

Psychologists accept p values that fall below .05 (that have a probability of being accidental of less than 5 percent). True or false?

A

True

39
Q

Common statistical tests are:

A

Chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA)

40
Q

Which test is used to determine whether there is a relationship between two or more categorical variables?

A

Chi-square test

41
Q

Which test can be used to determine if multiple groups are statistically significant?

A

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

42
Q

What does ANOVA stand for?

A

Analysis of variance

43
Q

A finding is statistically significant if it could have occurred fewer than _____% of the time.

A

5%

44
Q

People may behave differently when they know they are being watched

A

Observer effect / Hawthorn effect

45
Q

In a research study, participants recorded the number of cups of coffee drunk per day. ‘Number of cups of coffee drunk per day’ is referred to as a:

A

variable

46
Q

High achieving people select medium difficulty tasks because they offer the most _____________.

A

uncertainty

47
Q

When presented with findings of psychological research it is not uncommon for people to comment that the results are trivial, obvious and they knew it all along. This tendency is referred to as:

A

hindsight bias

48
Q

When two observers watching the same behaviours show a high level of agreement in their coding, the coding system is said to be:

A

reliable

49
Q

In experimental research, the independent variable is _________ by the researcher.

A

manipulated

50
Q

Animal research has declined slightly in recent years, TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

51
Q

If the participants in a study were not aware whether they consumed coffee or the placebo and the experimenters were also unaware of what the participants consumed, this is an example of:

A

A double-blind study

52
Q

A young man is interested in making a good impression on the parents of the person he is currently dating. Because of this, when he meets them he over-emphasises his good qualities and ignores many of his short comings. This man’s behaviour is most relevant to which bias?

A

Social desirability bias

53
Q

A subject in a signal-detection study is bold in her decisions about the presence of a target stimulus. As a result, she has more hits, but she also has more false alarms. This is an example of how ______________ characteristics can affect decision criteria.

A

participant

54
Q

A tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon

A

hypothesis

55
Q

An __________ defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to measure it

A

operational definition

56
Q

A method of organising the data to show how frequently participants received each of the many possible scores.

A

Frequency distribution

57
Q

A statistical technique that allows researchers to combine findings from various studies

A

Meta-analysis

58
Q

Research that is grounded in the active participation of the people who are the focus of the study

A

Participatory research

59
Q

The percentage of scores that fall below a score

A

Percentile

60
Q

A measure of variability that represents the difference between the highest and lowest value in a variable obtained in a sample

A

Range

61
Q

The likelihood that the results of a study did not simply occur by chance

A

Statistical significance

62
Q

The likelihood that the results of a study did not simply occur by chance

A

Statistical significance

Psychology 1A (9 decks)

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