Week 8 - Motivation

Question 1

Intrinsic motivation refers to participating in an activity for:

Answer 1

our own enjoyment

Question 2

A student fails to study for a test because he really doesn’t care about classes or grades. This person also doesn’t think he is capable of getting passing grades. Which theory best explains this person’s behaviour?

Answer 2

Expectancy value theory

Question 3

An external stimulus or reward that can have motivational consequences is most commonly described as a:

Answer 3

incentive

Question 4

Achievement goals are thought to be a combination of three motives:

Answer 4

performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and mastery goals.

Question 5

According to Maslow’s view of motivation, if you haven’t eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your:

Answer 5

Physiological needs

Question 6

Everything has been going wrong for John. No matter what he tries, it does not seem to make any difference. Therefore, he has given up trying. John’s behaviour is an example of:

Answer 6

learned helplessness

Question 7

Cognitive-social theory argues that _____ affects whether a particular behaviour is going to occur.

Answer 7

expectancies

Question 8

I think one of the reasons why I work so many hours each week is that I am afraid that I won’t get tenure. This is an example of:

Answer 8

performance-avoidance goal

Question 9

Lester has been working long hours all week and is looking forward to the weekend. On Friday, his boss offers him double time if he will work Saturday as well. Lester agrees. Lester’s behaviour is best explained by:

Answer 9

Incentive theories

Question 10

Peter is studying creative writing. He is not doing it to get the diploma that comes at the end of his program. Rather, his primary purpose is to become a better writer. His goal would be described as a:

Answer 10

Mastery goal

Question 11

An external motivating stimulus

Answer 11

incentive

Question 12

A fixed pattern of behaviour produced without learning

Answer 12

instincts

Question 13

Motives to increase one’s competence, mastery or skill.

Answer 13

mastery goals

Question 14

Motives to achieve a particular level that meets a socially defined standard

Answer 14

performance goals

Question 15

Goals that centre on approaching or attaining a standard

Answer 15

Performance-approach goals

Question 16

Goals that centre on avoiding failure, particularly publicly observable failure.

Answer 16

Performance-avoidance goals

Question 17

The body’s tendency to maintain a relatively constant state that permits cells to live and function.

Answer 17

Homeostatis

Question 18

The theory that people are motivated to seek out activities or situations to maintain or increase their level of arousal.

Answer 18

Arousal theory

Question 19

Performance for easy or well-practice tasks is better at ________ arousal.

Answer 19

high

Question 20

Performance for difficult/unfamiliar tasks is better at __________ arousal.

Answer 20

lower

Question 21

What behavioural system is primed by signals of reward and gratification?

Answer 21

Behavioural Activation System (BAS)

Question 22

What behavioural system responds to stimuli of potential pain or punishment?

Answer 22

Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

Question 23

Motivational conflict between two attractive alternatives

Answer 23

Approach-approach conflict

Question 24

Choosing between two undesirable alternatives

Answer 24

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Question 25

Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal

Answer 25

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 26

_____________ tendencies increase in strength faster

Answer 26

Avoidance

Question 27

When given a choice of performing a task, which type of task would you think a high-need achiever would choose?

Answer 27

Moderately difficult

Question 28

When given a choice of performing a task, which type of task would you think a low-need achiever would choose?

Answer 28

Easy

Question 29

Theories which proposed that motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, in which stimuli become reinforcing because they are associated with the reduction of a state of biological deficit.

Answer 29

Drive reduction theories

Question 30

What are the two motivational drivers proposed by Freud’s dual-instinct theory?

Answer 30

Sex and aggression

Question 31

An innate drive such as hunger, thirst or sex.

Answer 31

Primary drive

Question 32

A motive learned through classical conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling.

Answer 32

Secondary drive

Question 33

A theory of motivation that describes the relationship between a student’s expectancy for success at a task or the achievement of a goal in relation to the value of task completion or goal attainment.

Answer 33

Expectancy value theory

Question 34

The theory of motivation that suggests that conscious goals regulate much of human action, particularly performance tasks.

Answer 34

Goal-setting theory

Question 35

A theory of motivation that proposes that people have three innate needs — competence, autonomy and relatedness to others — and that intrinsic motivation flourishes when these needs are fulfilled rather than compromised.

Answer 35

Self-determination theory

Question 36

Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.

Answer 36

Implicit movitves

Question 37

A theory of worker motivation distinguishing existence, relatedness and growth needs.

Answer 37

ERG theory

Question 38

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, what is the highest level of need that humans strive for?

Answer 38

Self-actualisation

Question 39

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which is NOT a basic need?
a) Love and belongingness
b) Self-esteem
c) Creativity
d) Physiological needs

Answer 39

Creativity

Question 40

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which level of need must be met before an individual can move on to higher levels?
a) Self-actualization needs
b) Esteem needs
c) Safety needs
d) Physiological needs

Answer 40

Physiological needs

Question 41

According to ERG theory, what are the three components of worker motivation?

Answer 41

existence, relatedness and growth

Question 42

In the brain, the BIS (negative motivation) is located in ___________ and the BAS (positive motivation) is located in the _____________.

Answer 42

The limbic system, pre-frontal cortex