Week 8 - Motivation Flashcards
Intrinsic motivation refers to participating in an activity for:
our own enjoyment
A student fails to study for a test because he really doesn’t care about classes or grades. This person also doesn’t think he is capable of getting passing grades. Which theory best explains this person’s behaviour?
Expectancy value theory
An external stimulus or reward that can have motivational consequences is most commonly described as a:
incentive
Achievement goals are thought to be a combination of three motives:
performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and mastery goals.
According to Maslow’s view of motivation, if you haven’t eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your:
Physiological needs
Everything has been going wrong for John. No matter what he tries, it does not seem to make any difference. Therefore, he has given up trying. John’s behaviour is an example of:
learned helplessness
Cognitive-social theory argues that _____ affects whether a particular behaviour is going to occur.
expectancies
I think one of the reasons why I work so many hours each week is that I am afraid that I won’t get tenure. This is an example of:
performance-avoidance goal
Lester has been working long hours all week and is looking forward to the weekend. On Friday, his boss offers him double time if he will work Saturday as well. Lester agrees. Lester’s behaviour is best explained by:
Incentive theories
Peter is studying creative writing. He is not doing it to get the diploma that comes at the end of his program. Rather, his primary purpose is to become a better writer. His goal would be described as a:
Mastery goal
An external motivating stimulus
incentive
A fixed pattern of behaviour produced without learning
instincts
Motives to increase one’s competence, mastery or skill.
mastery goals
Motives to achieve a particular level that meets a socially defined standard
performance goals
Goals that centre on approaching or attaining a standard
Performance-approach goals
Goals that centre on avoiding failure, particularly publicly observable failure.
Performance-avoidance goals
The body’s tendency to maintain a relatively constant state that permits cells to live and function.
Homeostatis
The theory that people are motivated to seek out activities or situations to maintain or increase their level of arousal.
Arousal theory
Performance for easy or well-practice tasks is better at ________ arousal.
high
Performance for difficult/unfamiliar tasks is better at __________ arousal.
lower
What behavioural system is primed by signals of reward and gratification?
Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
What behavioural system responds to stimuli of potential pain or punishment?
Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)
Motivational conflict between two attractive alternatives
Approach-approach conflict
Choosing between two undesirable alternatives
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal
Approach-avoidance conflict
_____________ tendencies increase in strength faster
Avoidance
When given a choice of performing a task, which type of task would you think a high-need achiever would choose?
Moderately difficult
When given a choice of performing a task, which type of task would you think a low-need achiever would choose?
Easy
Theories which proposed that motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, in which stimuli become reinforcing because they are associated with the reduction of a state of biological deficit.
Drive reduction theories
What are the two motivational drivers proposed by Freud’s dual-instinct theory?
Sex and aggression
An innate drive such as hunger, thirst or sex.
Primary drive
A motive learned through classical conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling.
Secondary drive
A theory of motivation that describes the relationship between a student’s expectancy for success at a task or the achievement of a goal in relation to the value of task completion or goal attainment.
Expectancy value theory
The theory of motivation that suggests that conscious goals regulate much of human action, particularly performance tasks.
Goal-setting theory
A theory of motivation that proposes that people have three innate needs — competence, autonomy and relatedness to others — and that intrinsic motivation flourishes when these needs are fulfilled rather than compromised.
Self-determination theory
Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.
Implicit movitves
A theory of worker motivation distinguishing existence, relatedness and growth needs.
ERG theory
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, what is the highest level of need that humans strive for?
Self-actualisation
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which is NOT a basic need?
a) Love and belongingness
b) Self-esteem
c) Creativity
d) Physiological needs
Creativity
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which level of need must be met before an individual can move on to higher levels?
a) Self-actualization needs
b) Esteem needs
c) Safety needs
d) Physiological needs
Physiological needs
According to ERG theory, what are the three components of worker motivation?
existence, relatedness and growth
In the brain, the BIS (negative motivation) is located in ___________ and the BAS (positive motivation) is located in the _____________.
The limbic system, pre-frontal cortex
