WK 2 - metab Flashcards
The sum of all chemical reations within a living organism. It
is called an energy balancing act because it is a
combination of Catabolism and Anabolism
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
hemical reactions in which electrons
are gained, lost or shared in a chemical reaction
REDOX REACTION
the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
OXIDATION
the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or an
ion
REDUCTION
Special molecules that cells use to carry electrons (often in
H atoms)
NADH AND FADH
Two important carriers (energy)
NADH and FADH
BASIC METABOLIC REACTION
- Exergonic – produce more energy than they can consume
- Endergonic – consume more energy than they can
produce
Phase where the simple substances are synthesized to
complex materials which makes up the living tissue
ANABOLISM
Involves dehydration synthesis
ANABOLISM
Phase where there is a breakdown of complex molecules
into simple material, with the resulting occurrence of
release of energy
catabolism
- Organisms catabolize carbohydrates as the primary energy
source for anabolic reactions via
cellular respiration
- The process of converting nutrients into ATP.
cellular respiration
- Molecules are being oxidize and the final electron acceptor
will be in the form of inorganic molecule or oxygen
cellular respiraiton
Results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon
dioxide, water and a lot of ATP
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
4 steps are involved of aerobic cellular respiration
o Glycolysis
o Synthesis of acetyl-COA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain
glycolysis is based on
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
2 stages of glycolysis
o Energy investing stage
▪ Needs 2 ATP to breakdown the glucose
into Glu-6-P down to Fru-1,6-bP
o Energy conserving stage
▪ From Fru-1,6-bP, it will produce DHAP
and GAP, and they will produce 2 Pyruvic
acid (1 each)
▪ It will produce 4 ATP and 2 NADH
net gain of glycolysis
Net Gain: 2 NADH and 2 ATP (4-2 kase 2 yung ginamit na
ATP sa 1st stage)
where does glycolysis take place in
cytoplasm
produces important intermediate pentoses used in the
synthesis of nucleic acids, glucose from carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis and certain amino acids.
pentose phosphate pathway
net gain of pentose phosphate pathway
Yields a net gain of only 1 ATP plus 12 NADPH for each
molecule of glucose oxidized
net gain of entner- duodoroff pathway
- Produces 2 NADPH and 1 ATP for each molecule of glucose
- Bacteria that have enzymes for this pathway can metabolize
glucose without either glycolysis or the PPP - Found in some gram-negative bacteria and none in gram
positive bacteria
entner-duodoroff pathway
synthesis of acetyl coa net gain
Produces 1 𝐶𝑂2, 1 NADH, 1 CoA per 1 Pyruvic Acid (so bale
x2 mo sila since 2 Pyr yung naproduce during glycolysis)
kreb cycle net gain
s 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GDP and 2 𝐶𝑂2 (x2 ulit
kase 2 CoA yung naproduce natin dun sa synthesis of CoA)
kreb cycle electron carrier of kreb cycle
FADH and NADH
Most of the ATP made inn cellular respiration come from the
stepwise release of energy through a series of redox
reactions between molecules known as the
electron
transport chain
where does etc occur
Most occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of
mitochondria in eukaryotes.
in prokaryotes, ETC happens in plasma membrane
etc net gain
- 1 NADH = 3ATP, 1 FADH = 2ATP
carrier molecules
o Flavoproteins
o Cytochromes
o Ubiquinone or CoQ
Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and
electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of
glucose to carbon dioxide, water and energy
aerobic cellular respiration
which makes more atp
anaerobic cellular respiration
alternative system that allows glycolysis to continue
without the other steps of respiration
fermentation
net gain of fermentation
2 atp
The carbon atoms required to synthesize glucose are
derived from the intermediated produced during glycolysis
and the Krebs’s cycle and from lipids or amino acids
polysaccharide biosynthesis is
- Cells synthesize fats by joining glycerol and fatty acids
- They glycerol portion is derived from dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (glycolysis intermediate)
lipid biosynthesis
- Complete set of genes
genome size
genome size
- In general, free-living bacteria have longer genomes and
more genes than bacteria that are obligate parasites - Bacteria thriving inside a human has a shorter genome
he genetic composition of the organism
genotype
when DNA is passed
from mother to offspring cell, this is what happened in
nature the vast majority of the time.
vertical gene transfer
HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
transduction, transformation and conjugation
Uses bacterial viruses called
bacteriophages, to transfer from 1
infected cell to another
transduction
It is the ability of some cells to take up
free floating DNA found in the
environment,
transformation
Allows for the transfer of DNA through a
structure called a pilus from one cell to
another
conjugation
This is done by copying the plasmid and sending the strand
of copied DNA to the recipient through the conjugation
pilus
plasmid transfer
two live bacterial cells must
come into direct contact with one another.
conjugation
final result of plasmid transfer
The final result is a copy of the plasmid in both the donor
and the recipient cell
hollow, pipe-like structure that
connects the cytoplasm of the donor cell to the cytoplasm
of the recipient cell.
conjugation pilus
Only a portion of the chromosome is transferred before the
conjugation pilus is detached
chromosme transfer
is the ability of some cells (competent cells; more on gram
positive) to take up free floating DNA found in the
environment (DNA contents from the destroyed bacteria)
transformation
The DNA either has to be incorporated into the host cell
DNA chromosome (via genetic recombination: mix and
match to the genes of bacteria) or it ends up being
degraded
transformation
- Types of Bacteriophages:
virulent and temperate
Uses the bacterium as a viral synthesis
factory
virulent bacteriophage
▪ They break down the bacterial cell
machinery to produce more phages
▪ Progeny phages are released from the
bacterium as the cell lyse
virlent bacteriophage
▪ Phage genome may integrate into the
bacterial chromosome as a prophage
▪ Bacteria that contain a prophage are said
to be lysogenic for that phage.
temperate bacteriophage
- During this process, the bacteriophage chops up the host
chromosome into many small fragments. - When the baby bacteriophage are being assembled, some
of these host DNA chunks can accidentally be packed into
the new viral particles - They are then carried to a new host cell, where they are
injected and can cause genetic recombination.
Generalized Transduction
The viral DNA goes dormant by incorporating itself into the
bacterial DNA chromosome
specialize dtransduction
