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BACTE LEC > WK 2 - metab > Flashcards

WK 2 - metab Flashcards

1
Q

The sum of all chemical reations within a living organism. It
is called an energy balancing act because it is a
combination of Catabolism and Anabolism

A

MICROBIAL METABOLISM

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2
Q

hemical reactions in which electrons
are gained, lost or shared in a chemical reaction

A

REDOX REACTION

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3
Q

the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion

A

OXIDATION

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4
Q

the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or an
ion

A

REDUCTION

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5
Q

Special molecules that cells use to carry electrons (often in
H atoms)

A

NADH AND FADH

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6
Q

Two important carriers (energy)

A

NADH and FADH

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7
Q

BASIC METABOLIC REACTION

A
  • Exergonic – produce more energy than they can consume
  • Endergonic – consume more energy than they can
    produce
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8
Q

Phase where the simple substances are synthesized to
complex materials which makes up the living tissue

A

ANABOLISM

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9
Q

Involves dehydration synthesis

A

ANABOLISM

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10
Q

Phase where there is a breakdown of complex molecules
into simple material, with the resulting occurrence of
release of energy

A

catabolism

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11
Q
  • Organisms catabolize carbohydrates as the primary energy
    source for anabolic reactions via
A

cellular respiration

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12
Q
  • The process of converting nutrients into ATP.
A

cellular respiration

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13
Q
  • Molecules are being oxidize and the final electron acceptor
    will be in the form of inorganic molecule or oxygen
A

cellular respiraiton

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14
Q

Results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon
dioxide, water and a lot of ATP

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

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15
Q

4 steps are involved of aerobic cellular respiration

A

o Glycolysis
o Synthesis of acetyl-COA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain

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16
Q

glycolysis is based on

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

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17
Q

2 stages of glycolysis

A

o Energy investing stage
β–ͺ Needs 2 ATP to breakdown the glucose
into Glu-6-P down to Fru-1,6-bP
o Energy conserving stage
β–ͺ From Fru-1,6-bP, it will produce DHAP
and GAP, and they will produce 2 Pyruvic
acid (1 each)
β–ͺ It will produce 4 ATP and 2 NADH

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18
Q

net gain of glycolysis

A

Net Gain: 2 NADH and 2 ATP (4-2 kase 2 yung ginamit na
ATP sa 1st stage)

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19
Q

where does glycolysis take place in

A

cytoplasm

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20
Q

produces important intermediate pentoses used in the
synthesis of nucleic acids, glucose from carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis and certain amino acids.

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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21
Q

net gain of pentose phosphate pathway

A

Yields a net gain of only 1 ATP plus 12 NADPH for each
molecule of glucose oxidized

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22
Q

net gain of entner- duodoroff pathway

A
  • Produces 2 NADPH and 1 ATP for each molecule of glucose
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23
Q
  • Bacteria that have enzymes for this pathway can metabolize
    glucose without either glycolysis or the PPP
  • Found in some gram-negative bacteria and none in gram
    positive bacteria
A

entner-duodoroff pathway

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24
Q

synthesis of acetyl coa net gain

A

Produces 1 𝐢𝑂2, 1 NADH, 1 CoA per 1 Pyruvic Acid (so bale
x2 mo sila since 2 Pyr yung naproduce during glycolysis)

25
Q

kreb cycle net gain

A

s 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GDP and 2 𝐢𝑂2 (x2 ulit
kase 2 CoA yung naproduce natin dun sa synthesis of CoA)

26
Q

kreb cycle electron carrier of kreb cycle

A

FADH and NADH

27
Q

Most of the ATP made inn cellular respiration come from the
stepwise release of energy through a series of redox
reactions between molecules known as the

A

electron
transport chain

28
Q

where does etc occur

A

Most occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of
mitochondria in eukaryotes.

in prokaryotes, ETC happens in plasma membrane

29
Q

etc net gain

A
  • 1 NADH = 3ATP, 1 FADH = 2ATP
30
Q

carrier molecules

A

o Flavoproteins
o Cytochromes
o Ubiquinone or CoQ

31
Q

Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and
electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of
glucose to carbon dioxide, water and energy

A

aerobic cellular respiration

32
Q

which makes more atp

A

anaerobic cellular respiration

33
Q

alternative system that allows glycolysis to continue
without the other steps of respiration

A

fermentation

34
Q

net gain of fermentation

A

2 atp

35
Q

The carbon atoms required to synthesize glucose are
derived from the intermediated produced during glycolysis
and the Krebs’s cycle and from lipids or amino acids

A

polysaccharide biosynthesis is

36
Q
  • Cells synthesize fats by joining glycerol and fatty acids
  • They glycerol portion is derived from dihydroxyacetone
    phosphate (glycolysis intermediate)
A

lipid biosynthesis

37
Q
  • Complete set of genes
A

genome size

38
Q

genome size

A
  • In general, free-living bacteria have longer genomes and
    more genes than bacteria that are obligate parasites
  • Bacteria thriving inside a human has a shorter genome
39
Q

he genetic composition of the organism

A

genotype

40
Q

when DNA is passed
from mother to offspring cell, this is what happened in
nature the vast majority of the time.

A

vertical gene transfer

41
Q

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

A

transduction, transformation and conjugation

42
Q

Uses bacterial viruses called
bacteriophages, to transfer from 1
infected cell to another

A

transduction

43
Q

It is the ability of some cells to take up
free floating DNA found in the
environment,

A

transformation

44
Q

Allows for the transfer of DNA through a
structure called a pilus from one cell to
another

A

conjugation

45
Q

This is done by copying the plasmid and sending the strand
of copied DNA to the recipient through the conjugation
pilus

A

plasmid transfer

46
Q

two live bacterial cells must
come into direct contact with one another.

A

conjugation

47
Q

final result of plasmid transfer

A

The final result is a copy of the plasmid in both the donor
and the recipient cell

48
Q

hollow, pipe-like structure that
connects the cytoplasm of the donor cell to the cytoplasm
of the recipient cell.

A

conjugation pilus

49
Q

Only a portion of the chromosome is transferred before the
conjugation pilus is detached

A

chromosme transfer

50
Q

is the ability of some cells (competent cells; more on gram
positive) to take up free floating DNA found in the
environment (DNA contents from the destroyed bacteria)

A

transformation

51
Q

The DNA either has to be incorporated into the host cell
DNA chromosome (via genetic recombination: mix and
match to the genes of bacteria) or it ends up being
degraded

A

transformation

52
Q
  • Types of Bacteriophages:
A

virulent and temperate

53
Q

Uses the bacterium as a viral synthesis
factory

A

virulent bacteriophage

54
Q

β–ͺ They break down the bacterial cell
machinery to produce more phages
β–ͺ Progeny phages are released from the
bacterium as the cell lyse

A

virlent bacteriophage

55
Q

β–ͺ Phage genome may integrate into the
bacterial chromosome as a prophage
β–ͺ Bacteria that contain a prophage are said
to be lysogenic for that phage.

A

temperate bacteriophage

56
Q
  • During this process, the bacteriophage chops up the host
    chromosome into many small fragments.
  • When the baby bacteriophage are being assembled, some
    of these host DNA chunks can accidentally be packed into
    the new viral particles
  • They are then carried to a new host cell, where they are
    injected and can cause genetic recombination.
A

Generalized Transduction

57
Q

The viral DNA goes dormant by incorporating itself into the
bacterial DNA chromosome

A

specialize dtransduction

58
Q
A

BACTE LEC (7 decks)

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