Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BACTE LEC > non entero git complete > Flashcards

non entero git complete Flashcards

1
Q

GENERAL CHARCTERESTICS OF VIBRIO spp

(what temp, where do they grow, motility, catalase and oxidase state, media they grow best in, transmission)

A

 They are temperature sensitive in that in temperate
climates when water temperature exceeds 20°C, as in the
summer months
 Can easily be isolated from water, suspended particulate
matter, algae, plankton, fish, and shellfish.

 Motile with polar flagella
 Catalase +
 Oxidase +.
 Grow best in alkaline media
 Often found in brackish water
 Temperature sensitive
 Risk of infection transmitted by eating undercooked or raw
marine products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 most common vibrio species encountered in the lab:

A

o V. cholerae
o V. parahaemolyticus
o V. vulnificus
o V. alginolyticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

vibrio spp clinical manifestation

A

Ranging from mild gastroenteritis to cholera and from simple wound infections to fatal septicemia and
necrotizing fasciitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microscopic Morphology of vibrio

(gram stain, shape, flagella)

A

 Asporogenous (non spore producing) , gram-negative rods

 Polar, sheathed flagella when grown in broth but can
produce peritrichous, unsheathed flagella when
grown on solid media

 Curved gram-negative rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

physiology of vibrio spp

A

 Can be highly pleomorphic especially under suboptimal growth conditions

 Facultatively anaerobic

 All clinically species are oxidase positive and able to
reduce nitrate to nitrite except for V. metschnikovii

 Most are generally susceptible to vibriostatic
compound O/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7- diisopropylpteridine), exhibiting a zone of inhibition to a 150µg Vibriostat disk on either a Mueller-Hinton or
trypticase soy agar

 Positive string test

 All species, except for V. cholera and V. mimicus, are
halophilic or salt-loving and require the addition of Na+
for growth

 Can be differentiated from the similar genera
Aeromonas and Plesiomonas by mean of key
biochemical and growth requirement characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

 Subgroups of V. cholerae O1

A
  • Ogawa (A, B)
  • Inaba (A, C)
  • Hikojima (A, B, C)
  • Epidemic choler
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

o- Epidemic cholera

A

V. cholerae O139

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

– phenotypically resembles V.
cholerae but fail to agglutinate in O1 antisera

A

V. cholerae non-O1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vibrio cholerae
BASED ON O ANTIGEN

A

o O1 – the causative agent of cholera

o O139
– share cross-reacting antigens with Aeromonas trota
- epidemic cholera

o non-O1 – have been implicated in a variety of
extraintestinal infections including cholecystitis,
ear infections, cellulitis, and septicemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

v cholera based on biotypes

A

o Classical -
o El Tor – able to agglutinate chicken red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

– able to agglutinate chicken red blood cells

A

El Tor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vibrio  Based on Serotypes

A

o Ogawa
o Inaba
o Hikojima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

 Virulence Factors of vibrio

A

o Cholera - Toxins
 Mucinase
 Cholera toxin or Choleragen:
 Coregulated pilus: adherence to mucosal cells
 Adhesion factor
 Hemagglutination protease:
 Siderophores
 Neuraminidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

choleragen

A

 Cholera toxin or Choleragen: an enterotoxin,
consist of 2 toxic A subunits and 5 binding B
subunits.

 Once ingested, the bacteria colonize the small
intestine, in which they multiply and produce
choleragen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

 adherence to mucosal cells

A

Coregulated pilus:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

induces intestinal
inflammation and degradation of tight junctions

A

Hemagglutination protease:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

: iron sequestration

A

Siderophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

: increase toxin receptors

A

Neuraminidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

symptoms of vibrio or v cholera ata

A

 Profuse vomiting
 Watery diarrhea
 Sunken eyes
 Watery diarrhea and profuse vomiting can lead
to severe dehydration which leads to death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment of vibrio

A
  • Doxycycline

if resistant: azithromycin and ciprofloxacin

 Oral rehydration salts
 Intravenous fluids
 Stool culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Manifests in acute cases as a severe gastroenteritis
accompanied by vomiting followed by diarrhea

A

Cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

 “Rice water” stools, contains numerous flecks of mucus
what bacte

A

vibrio cholarae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

 Can result in a rapid fluid and electrolyte loss that leads to
dehydration, hypovolemic shock, metabolic acidosis, and
death in a matter of hours

A

vibrio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vibrio is resistant to what

A

 Resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

El Tor differentiate to classic

A

o Voges-Proskauer positive
o Hemolyzes RBCs
o Inhibited by polymyxin B (50µg), and is able to
agglutinate chicken RBCs
o Different phage susceptibility patters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

appears to be
associated with sporadic cholera-like diarrhea and
bloodstream infections

A

V. cholerae serogroup O141

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

have been implicated
in a variety of extraintestinal infections including
cholecystitis, ear infections, cellulitis, and septicemia

A

Other non-O1 serogroup strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

share cross-reacting antigens with
Aeromonas trota,a somewhat uncommon cause of
diarrheal disease

A

O139 strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

 Number 1 cause of Summer Diarrhea in Japan

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Second most common Vibrio species implicated in
gastroenteritis

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is implicated
in numerous food-borne outbreaks

A

V. parahaemolyticus serogroup O3:K6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is found in

A

Found in aquatic environments but limited to coastal or
estuarine areas despite a halophilic requirement of 1
8% NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

clinical manifes\tation of v. parahaemolyticus

A

 Watery diarrhea, moderate cramps or vomiting, and
little if any fever

 Occasionally isolated from extraintestinal sources
such as wounds, ear and eye infections, even in a case
of pneumonia

symptoms appear 24 to 48 hrs after consumption of raw seafood esp oyster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

kanagawa phenomemon is associated with

A

v parahaemolyticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

most strains produce a
heat-stable hemolysin that is able to lyse human RBC
in a special high-salt mannitol medium

what is the phenomenon and what is the medium called

A

Kanagawa phenomenon

wagatsuma agar is the medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

 Commonly referred to as the “lactose-positive” Vibrio

A

Vibrio vulnificus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

 Second most serious type of Vibrio infection

A

Vibrio vulnificus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

 Found in warm salt waters

A

v. vulnificus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

v vulnificus is found in

A

Causes severe skin and soft tissue infections esp. in
shellfish handlers

also necrotizing fascilitis asnd multiple organ system failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

first v cholarea non 01 srteain producing epidemic disease

A

0139 strain vibrio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

v vulnificus 2 categoris of disease

A

primary septicemia

wound infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

surmised to occur through
the gastrointestinal route after the consumption of
shellfish, especially raw oysters

A

primary septicemia (v vulnificus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

vf of v vulnificus

A

o Resistant to complement and antibody-mediated
serum killing (thus systemic infections)

o Anti-phagocytic capsule

o Production of hydrolytic enzymes (cytolysins,
collagenase, protease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

treatment of v vulnificus

A

doxycycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Least pathogenic for humans and one most frequently
isolated in vibrio

A

Vibrio alginolyticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Vibrio alginolyticus

A

 Least pathogenic for humans and one most frequently
isolated

 Common inhabitant of marine environments

 Strict halophile, requiring at least 1% NaCl and can
tolerate up to 10% NaCl

 Nearly all isolates are from extraintestinal sources such
as eye and ear infections or wound and burn infections

 Can be an occupational hazard for most people in
constant contact with seawater

o Vibrios are not fastidious, and only a few special
collection and processing procedures are
necessary to ensure the recovery of vibrios from
clinical material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

 Specimen Collection and Transport
of vibrio

A

o Whenever possible, body fluids, pus, or tissues
should be submitted, but swabs are acceptable if
they are transported in an appropriate holding
medium, such as Cary-Blair, to prevent
desiccation
o Buffered glycerol saline is not recommended as a
transport or holding medium because the glycerol
is toxic for vibrios
o Even strips of blotting paper soaked in liquid stool
and placed in airtight plastic bags are considered
viable specimens for up to 5 weeks
o Stool specimens should be collected as early as
possible in the course of the illness, before the
administration of any antimicrobial agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

culture media vibrio

A

o The salt concentration (0.5%) in most commonly
used laboratory media, such as nutrient agar or
sheep blood agar (SBA), is sufficient to support
the growth of any vibrios present SBA or
chocolate (CHOC) agar,

o The SBA plate should also be examined for the
presence of α- or β-hemolysis. On MacConkey
(MAC) agar, the pathogenic vibrios usually grow
as nonlactose fermenters

o However, lactose-fermenting species such as V.
vulnificus may be overlooked and incorrectly
considered to be members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia coli. It
therefore is imperative to determine the oxidase
activity of any suspicious Vibrio-like colony

o This can be accomplished by either directly testing
colonies from SBA or CHOC agar plates with
oxidase reagent or by subculturing any
suspicious lactose-fermenting colonies on
MAC to an SBA plate for next-day testing

o Both Mueller-Hinton agar and broth contain sufficient salt to support the growth of the Vibrio spp. most often isolated from clinical specimens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

vibrios produce (ano itsura)

A

medium
to large colonies that appear smooth, opaque,
and iridescent with a greenish hue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

MAC or cefsulodin-irgasin-novobiocin agar may
give false-positive oxidase reactions

A

vibrio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

vibrio

If a selective medium is warranted, either because
of the clinical history (exposure to seafood or
seawater) or for geographic reasons (coastal area
resident or recent foreign travel),

A

thiosulfate
citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar is
recommended.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

tcbs

A

sucrose-
fermenting (yellow) species such as V. cholerae,
V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. furnissii, V.
cincinnatiensis, V. metschnikovii, and some V.
vulnificus strains from the

nonsucrose-
fermenting (green) vibrios: V. mimicus, V.
parahaemolyticus, V. damsela, and most V.
vulnificus strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

is recommended. It differentiates sucrose-fermenting (yellow) species from the Non sucrose-
fermenting (green)

A

thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

in vibrio

Their general susceptibility to the vibriostatic agent
O/129 (150 µg) and positive “string test”
distinguishes them from

A

Aeromonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

inability to ferment inositol (except for V.
cincinnatiensis and some strains of V.
metschnikovii) separates them from

vibrio

A

Plesiomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

all vibrio is incapable of inability to ferment inositol

A

except for V. cincinnatiensis and some strains of V. metschnikovii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Their positive oxidase reaction (except for V.
metschnikovii) separates them from the Enterobacteriaceae (excluding Plesiomonas
shigelloides), and a fermentative metabolism
separates them from the oxidative

A

Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

all vibrio are positive oxidase except

A

V.
metschnikovi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

It is important to note that with the halophilic or
salt-loving vibrios, it often is necessary to add

A

at
least 1% NaCl to most biochemical media to obtain
reliable reaction results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

id of vibrio

A

o Rapid and semiautomated identification systems
o Serology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

antimicrobial suscpetibilityof vibrio

A

o cholerae susceptible to doxycycline or
ciprofloxacin

o Most vibrios are susceptible to gentamycin,
tetracycline and chloramphenicol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The recommended antimicrobial susceptibility
testing methods are

A

standardized disk diffusion
(KirbyBauer) or dilution susceptibility testing
methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

aeromonas charateristics

A

 Consists of ubiquitous oxidase-positive, glucose-
fermenting, gram-negative rods that are widely distributed in freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments worldwide

 Phylogenetic evidence from molecular studies
resulted in the proposal of a separate family
Aeromonadaceae from Vibrio

 Aeromonads are gram negative straight rods and most are motile by means of a single polar flagellum

 All aeromonads, in general, can typically grow from 4-42°C

 Oxidase and Indole positive (mostly)

 Glucose fermenter

 Motile with single polar flagellum

 Ubiquitous in fresh and salty water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

 They are frequently isolated from retail produce
sources and animal meat products

A

aeromonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

 Responsible for a diverse spectrum of disease
syndromes among a variety of warm- and cold-
blooded animals including fish, reptiles, amphibians,
mammals, and humans

A

aeromonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

a. salmonicida

A

non-motile and atrichous

67
Q

vf and mode of transmission of aeromonas

A

 Virulence factors: exotoxins (enterotoxin, hemolysin,
cytotoxin and protease), adherence factors (S-layer,
capsule, pili) Type III secretion system (T3SSS)

 MOT: Food and water

68
Q

aeromods are classified into

A

mesophilic, psychrophilic, motila and non motile

69
Q

mesophilic aermonod

A

 Hydrophila complex which includes A.
hydrophila, A. bestiarum, and certain motile strains of A. salmonicida

 Veronii complex includes A. veronii biovar sobria (formerly misidentified as A. sobria),
A. veronii biovar veronii, A. jandaei, A. trota, and A. schubertii

 Caviae complex includes the species A.
caviae, A. media, and A. eucrenophila

70
Q

psychrophilic aeroonad

A

psychrophilic - Grow best at 22-25°C - Non-motile
 Salmonicida (fish pathogen)

71
Q

motile aeromonad

A

A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria

72
Q

Non-motile group of aeromonad

A

A. salmonicida

73
Q

Non-motile group: A. salmonicida

A
  • Ferments arabinose, trehalose, galactose, mannose
    and dextrin
  • Negative for growth in KCN broth, nutrient broth with
    7.5% NaCl, ornithine decarboxylase, tetrathionate
    reductase,
  • Some strains produce pigments
74
Q

The level and pattern of virulence is more like the
multifactorial patterns of the various E. coli
subgroups associated with enteric disease

A

aeromonads

75
Q

Five diarrheal presentations are observed in patients
in whom an Aeromonas has been isolated from their
stools

A

a. An acute, secretory diarrhea often accompanied
by vomiting
b. An acute, dysenteric form of diarrhea (similar to
shigellosis) with blood and mucus
c. A chronic diarrhea usually lasting more than 10
days
d. A cholera-like disease including rice- water
stools
e. The nebulous syndrome commonly referred to as
“traveler’s diarrhea” (similar to enterotoxigenic E.
coli)

76
Q

A.caviae

A

A.caviae is the species most frequently associated
with gastrointestinal infections, especially in neonate
and pediatric populations, and has been associated
with inflammatory bowel disease

77
Q

More serious complications, usually from infections
with???? nclude
hemolytic uremic syndrome or kidney disease that may
require a kidney transplant

A

More serious complications, usually from infections
with A. hydrophila and A. veronii biovar sobria, include
hemolytic uremic syndrome or kidney disease that may
require a kidney transplant

78
Q

has also been linked to cholera
like disease characterized by abdominal pain, fever,
and nausea

A

A.veronii biovar sobria

79
Q

___________infections involving the use of leeches for medicinal
therapy following plastic surgery to relieve venous
congestion has been noted. These patients can
develop serious aeromonad wound infections.

A

These patients can
develop serious aeromonad wound infections.

80
Q

leech

A

Hirudo medicinalis

81
Q

Aeromonad sepsis a

A

ppears to be the most invasive
type of Aeromonas infection and likewise has a strong
association with the species A. veronii biovar sobria, A.
jandaei, and A. hydrophila.

82
Q

incubating aereomonads

A

o After 24-hour incubation at 35° C, aeromonads
appear as large round, raised, opaque colonies
with an entire edge and a smooth, often
mucoid surface

o Frequently, an extremely strong odor is present,
and pigmentation ranges from translucent and
white to buff colored

83
Q

Hemolysis is variable on SBA, but most major
clinical species, such as _______________________display strong β-
hemolysis

A

Hemolysis is variable on SBA, but most major
clinical species, such as A. hydrophila, A. veronii
biovar sobria, and A. jandaei, display strong β-
hemolysis

84
Q

The most commonly isolated species, A. caviae,
is nearly always

(type of hemolysis)

A

nonhemolytic or at best weakly
α-hemolytic on SBA

85
Q

does aeromonads ferment lactose

A

yes

86
Q

Tmight yield the
highest recovery of aeromonads

A

he combined use of ampicillin sheep blood
agar and a modified cefsulodin-irgasin-
novobiocin (CIN II) plate (with only 4 µg of
cefsulodin instead of 15 µg),

87
Q

its unusual universal susceptibility to
ampicillin

A

A. trota

88
Q

Aeromonas
will form pink-centered colonies from the
fermentation of mannitol, with an uneven, clear apron
resembling

A

Yersinia enterocolitica.

89
Q

separates aeromonads and yersisnia

A

oxidase test performed on SBA colonies will easily
separate the oxidase-positive aeromonads from the
oxidase- negative yersinias

90
Q

The use of an enrichment broth generally is not
considered necessary. However, if such a medium is
warranted for detecting chronic cases or
asymptomatic carriers, __________ is
recommended.

aeromonads

A

alkaline peptone water

91
Q

An important screening procedure for aeromonads is

A

to perform an oxidase test and a spot indole on
suspicious colonies on SBA, especially β-hemolytic
colonies

92
Q

testing for
sensitivity to O/129

A

(usually aeromonads and
plesiomonads are resistant and most vibrios are
susceptible)

93
Q

additional test to separate aeromonads and
plesiomonads from most vibrios is that of

A

Aeromonads and plesiomonads grow quite well in nutrient broth with 0% NaCl, but not in 6% NaCl.

vibrio pwede 6% bawal sa 0%

94
Q

how to distinguish V. cholerae from V.
mimicus

A

both V. cholerae and V.
mimicus are nonhalophilic and grow quite well
without additional salt, any salt tolerance test must
be used in conjunction with both the string test and
the O/129 disk to distinguish aeromonads from
this major pandemic cholera species and the less
common sucrose- negative V. mimicus

95
Q

For separation of aeromonads from plesiomonads, one
can utilize the fermentation of

A

inositol— where
aeromonads are negative and plesiomonads are
positive

96
Q

astly, the ability to ferment glucose, with or without
the production of gas, distinguishes Aeromonas
from

A

oxidase-positive nonfermenting Pseudomonas
isolates

97
Q

Definitive identification of the aeromonads is
accomplished with a small number of
conventional and readily available biochemical
tests and antimicrobial markers and the use of
a simple dichotomous key,

A

Aerokey II

98
Q

Campylobacters were formerly classified with the vibrios
because of their positive oxidase and characteristic
microscopic morphology, but _______________
have shown that Campylobacter spp. do not belong with the
vibrios

A

DNA homology studies

99
Q

asacchrolytic

A

campylobacter

100
Q

Although they may appear to be strict anaerobes, they
have been grown in a microaerophilic environment

A

CAMPYLOBACTERACEAE

101
Q

organisms require oxygen, but at a
concentration less than that of room air; 5% is normally
optimal

A

CAMPYLOBACTERACEAE

102
Q

cause abortion in
domestic animals such as cattle, sheep and swine

A

Campylobacter spp.

103
Q

– most common cause of bacterial
gastroenteritis

A

Campylobacter jejuni

104
Q

isolated most
frequently from blood cultures and is rarely associated with
gastrointestinal illness

A

Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

105
Q

 Thermophilic species grow better at 42 C

A

campylobacter

106
Q
  • may appear as long spirals or S-
    or seagull-wing shapes.
A

Enteric campylobacters

107
Q

campylobacter morphology

A

 Curved or spiral-shaped gram-negative rod
 Exhibits corkscrew or darting motility by polar flagella
 The typical colony morphology of C. jejuni and other enteric campylobacters is moist, runny looking,and spreading.
 Colonies are usually nonhemolytic; some are round and raised and others may be flat.

108
Q

Gram-stained smears, these organisms stain poorly
 For better visualization, carbol-fuchsin is recommended as
a counterstain
 If safranin is used, counterstaining should be extended to 2
to 3 minutes.

A

campylobacter

109
Q

Campylobacter spp. exhibit a characteristic “darting”
motility on hanging drop preparations or when visualized
under phase contrast microscopy

A

Campylobacter spp.

110
Q

Other Campylobacter species produce colonies similar to
those of C. jejuni. Although most do not produce pigment,
__________ can produce a dirty
yellow pigm

A

Other Campylobacter species produce colonies similar to
those of C. jejuni. Although most do not produce pigment,
C. mucosalis and C. hyointestinalis can produce a dirty
yellow pigm

111
Q

produces smooth, convex, translucent
colonies. A tan or slightly pink coloration is observed in
some enteric campylobacter colonies.

A

C. fetus subsp. fetus

112
Q

C. fetus contains two subspecies: C. fetus subsp. fetus
and C. fetus subsp. venerealis

A

C. fetus subsp. fetus
and C. fetus subsp. venerealis

113
Q

Patients infected with C. jejuni present with a

A

diarrheal
disease that begins with mild abdominal pain within 2 to 10
days after ingestion of the organisms

 Cramps and bloody diarrhea often follow the initial
signs. Patients may experience fever and chills and,
rarely, nausea and vomiting

 In most patients, the illness is self-limited and usually
resolves in 2 to 6 days. Untreated patients can remain
carriers for several months

 Other enteric Campylobacter infections (i.e., those
caused by C. coli and C. lari) have similar clinical
manifestations

114
Q

Strong evidence suggests it that
infection plays a role in Guillain-Barré syndrome, an

A

Campylobacter

115
Q

acute paralysis
due to damage to the peripheral nervous system.

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

116
Q

is the most common form of acute
infectious diarrhea in developed countries involving mostly
young children

A

Campylobacteriosis

117
Q

Indirectly transmistted by the consumption of
contaminated water and dairy products and improperly
cooked poultry

Some person to person and sexually transmitted

 Feco-oral transmission also occurs

A

campylobactereae

118
Q

causes gastrointestinal disease

A

 C. coli and C. lari

119
Q

 Non-motile strains and those lacking adhesin are avirulent
 Damages the mucosa of the jejunum, ileum and colon

A

campylobacter

120
Q

can be recovered from gastric biopsy
materials. Samples must be transported quickly to the
laboratory

A

H. pylori

121
Q

storage of campylobacter

A

Stuart medium can be used to maintain the viability of
the organisms if a delay in processing is anticipated
o Tissue samples may also be placed in cysteine-
Brucella broth with 20% glycerol and frozen at
−70°C

121
Q

An enriched selective agar, —————–is a commonly used medium to isolate C. jejuni
and other enteric campylobacters

A

CAMPY-BAP (blood agar
plate),

122
Q

Other selective media that have been successful in
recovering Campylobacter spp. are

A

Butzler medium
and Skirrow’s medium

123
Q

a modification of the original Butzler
medium, contains cefoperazone, rifampin, colistin, and
amphotericin B; it seems to inhibit normal colon
microbiota better than the original formulation

A

Medium V,

124
Q

provides better supression of fecal biota,
even when this medium is incubated at 37° C

A

CAMPY CVA

125
Q

To recover H. pylori, a combination of a nonselective
medium, such as

A

CHOC agar or Brucella agar with 5% horse red blood cells, and a selective medium,
such as Skirrow’s agar, may be used

126
Q

TREATMENT OF CAMPYLOBACTER

A

Susceptibility to Nalidixic acid or Cephalotin

127
Q

ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY OF CAMPYLOBACTER

A

\
Antigen detection: Lior or Penner serotyping -

Antibody detection: Latex particle agglutin

128
Q

C. jejuni and other enteric campylobacters grow
optimally at

A

42°C

129
Q

, on the other hand, is a rare stool
isolate, and growth is suppressed at 42°C therefore
to isolate this organism, media should be incubated at
37°C

A

C. fetus subsp. fetus

130
Q

he ideal atmospheric environment
for these organisms contains a gas mixture of 5%
O2, 10% CO2, and 85% N2 for Campylobacter
spp.

A

Campylobacter

131
Q

5% to 10% O2 and 5% to 12% CO2 for

A

Helicobacter spp

132
Q

EXCEPT FPR a strict
anaerobic environment does not support the
growth of most Campylobacter spp.

A

Except for C. rectus and C. curvus, a strict
anaerobic environment does not support the
growth of most Campylobacter spp.

133
Q

To observe the typical motility, organisms should be
suspended in

CAMPYLOBACTER

A

Brucella or tryptic soy broth

o Distilled water and saline seem to inhibit motility

134
Q

A positive hippurate hydrolysis is an important
characteristic for the identification of

A

C. jejuni

135
Q

placed
onto Christensen’s urea medium and incubated at
37°C for 2 hours. A rapid color change suggests the
presence of

A

H. pylori

136
Q

sensitive and
specific and is recommended for monitoring therapy

A

UREASE TEST

137
Q

Bacterium found in the stomach of over half of the world’s
population

A

HELICOBACTER PYLORI

138
Q

 Can cause inflammation of the stomach lining

A

H PYLORI

139
Q

H PYLORI CHARACTERISTUCS

A

gram-negative bacterium that’s shaped like a
curved rod and it has 2 to 6 flagella, kind of like multiple tails, all at one end which it uses for movement.

 It’s positive for urease, oxidase and catalase

Microaerophile (needs oxygen to survive, but requires less
than the levels typically found in atmosphere)

140
Q

have either a single polar flagellum or
multiple flagella at one pole.

A

Helicobacter spp

141
Q

 Primarily linked to gastric infections

A

H PYLORI

142
Q

cause a
low-grade inflammatory process, producing a chronic
superficial gastritis

A

H PYLORI

143
Q

Most common cause of chronic gastritis (type B gastritis)- a
chronic condition formerly associated primarily with stress
and chemical irritants

A

H PYLORI

144
Q

H PYLORI CAUSES

A

 Most common cause of duodenal ulcers

 Second most common cause of gastric ulcer

 Associated with development of gastric cancer and gastric
lymphoma

 Long term H. pylori infection resulting in chronic gastritis is
an important risk factor for gastric carcinoma

 H. pylori being classified as carcinogen

145
Q

STORAGE OF H PYLORI

A

o Stuart medium maintains the viability of the organism if
delay is anticipated

o Tissue samples may be placed in cysteine-brucella
broth with 20% glycerol and frozen at -70 C

o Culture and urease production (Urea breath test)

146
Q

To recover H. pylori, combination of:

A
  • Nonselective medium: CHOC agar or Brucella
    agar with 5% horse red blood cells
  • Selective medium: Skirrow’s
147
Q

CLINICAL PRESENTATIOPN OF H PYLORI

A

o Asymptomatic
o Peptic ulcer disease (gastric, duodenal)
o Non-ulcer dyspepsia
o Gastric carcinoma
o Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma - MALT lymphoma, MALToma, marginal zone B-cell
lymphoma of MALT type

148
Q

H PYLORI

A

o Once it arrives within the stomach, H. pylori use its
flagella to propel toward the stomach lining.

  • It will migrate to regions where pH is less acidic (antrum – has fewer parietal cells)
  • It then uses adhesin proteins to stick to the surface
    of foveolar cells where it can release a number of
    virulence factors which help it both survive and
    thrive, and cause damage to the mucosa.
  • Urease
  • Ammonia
149
Q

H PYLORI VF

A

o Cause extensive damage to epithelial cells.

o Some strains of H. pylori produce cytotoxin-associated
gene A or cagA and exotoxin vacuolating cytotoxin A
or vacA

o Cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) – interferes with
the attachments between epithelial cells that normally
help protect the underlying mucosal layers -
Induces inflammatory
immune response within
the gastric lining, called gastritis

150
Q

CHRONIC INFECTIONS OF H PYLORI

A

ANG HABA BASAHIN MO NALANG EVEYTIME U SEE THIS LOL

151
Q

DIAGNOSIS OF H PYLORI

A

o Slender, curved Gram-negative bacillus
o Urease-producer
o Mucosa stomach
o Growth
o Microaerophilic atmosphere, slow
o Group 1 carcinogen (gastric carcinoma)
o Fecal antigen test
o Blood titers
o Urease breath test
o Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
o Culture H
o No clinical symptoms, H. pylori is not typically treated.
But if it’s detected in a person with a family history of
gastrointestinal cancers; or when clinical symptoms are
present

152
Q

H PYLORI TREATMENT

A

– triple therapy is effective and consists of two
antibiotics. Typically, amoxicillin and clarithromycin,
and proton pump inhibitor

Treating H. pylori infections consists of a macrolide,
amoxicillin, and proton pump inhibitor.

An alternative regimen consisting of metronidazole,
tetracycline, and bismuth salt can be used.

153
Q

PLESIOMONAS

A
  • Oxidase-positive, glucose fermenting, facultatively
    anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli that are motile by
    polar flagella
  • ①
    Found in both soil and aquatic environments, but
    because of intolerance to increased NaCl and a
    minimum growth temperature of 8°C, they are
    generally found only in the fresh and estuarine waters
    of tropical and subtropical climates
154
Q

PLESIOMONAS CHARACTERISTIC

A

Plesiomonads are straight (0.8 to 1 µm by 3 µm),
gram-negative bacilli that occur singly, in pairs, or
in short chains or filamentous forms

They do not form spores or capsules and are motile
by monotrichous or two to five lophotrichous
flagella

The genera Plesiomonas and Shigella share both
biochemical and antigenic features, and plesiomonads often cross-agglutinate with Shigella sonnei, S.
dysenteriae, and even S. boydii—hence the species
name shigelloides

 Plesiomonas can be serotyped by somatic O antigens (50
groups) and their flagellar H antigens (17 groups).

 Found is soil and aquatic (fresh or estuarine) environments

 Does not tolerate increased salt (NaCl) concentration

 Minimum growth temperature of 8oC

 Like the genus Aeromonas – distributed among both warm-
and cold-blooded animals.

155
Q

Possess a much lower virulence potential,
with a low symptomatic carriage rate among humans, and
is oxidase-positive

A

P. shigelloides

156
Q

PLESIOMONAS CAUSE

A

o Self-limiting Gastroenteritis: - More common watery or Secretory diarrhea\

o Extra-intestinal
- Bacteremia
- Meningitis

157
Q

A more invasive, dysenteric firm that resembles
colitis

A

GASTOENTERITIS

158
Q

At least three major clinical types of
gastroenteritis are caused by Plesiomonas

A

o The more common watery or
secretory diarrhea
o A subacute or chronic disease that
lasts between 14 days and 2 to 3
months
o A more invasive, dysenteric form
that resembles colitis

159
Q

PLESIOMONAS

A

After 18-24 hours incubation at 35° C, shiny,
opaque, nonhemolytic colonies appear, with a
slightly raised center and a smooth and entire
edge

160
Q

use of _______can enhance the isolation of plesiomonads

A

use of inositol brilliant green bile salts
agar can enhance the isolation of plesiomonads

161
Q

colonies are white to pink on this
medium, and most

A

Plesiomonas

162
Q

TREATMENT OF PLESIOMONAS

A

o Generally resistant to Penicillin
o There are reports of resistance to more than one
aminoglycoside (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin,
amikacin)
o Quinolones, Cephalosporins & Carbapenems are
effective

163
Q
A

BACTE LEC (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions