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BACTE LEC > WK 1 - history > Flashcards

WK 1 - history Flashcards

1
Q

elieved that invisible creatures were responsible for diseases.

A

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

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2
Q

Francesco Stelluti observed

A

bees and weevil

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3
Q

States that life can arise from death

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DEBATE

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4
Q

This belief remained unchallenged for 2000 years

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DEBATE

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5
Q

Aristotle supported the theory of spontaneous generation by

A

observing that aphids appeared on plants after dew settled on them, that fleas could come frmo putrid matter, and mice from dirty hay.

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6
Q

He believed that the dew, combined with the earth, could spontaneously generate living creatures.

A

Aristotle

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7
Q

ates that life arises only from pre-existing life, not from non-living matter.

A

principle of biogenesis

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8
Q

supported spontaneous generation theory

A

Aristotle
John Needham

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9
Q

denied spontaneous generation theory

A

lazaro spallanzani
Francesco Redi
Robert hooke (technically though not implicitly)
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Joseph lister

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10
Q

He believed that his chicken broth experiment was proof that life can arise from non-living

A

John Needham experiment

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11
Q

Denied Needham’s claims

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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12
Q

Believes that the microbes that came from Needham’s experiment came fromwhat

A

Believes that the microbes that came from Needham’s experiment came from the air instead of the broth and that boiling will kill them

spallanzani

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13
Q

how did spallanzani disprove needham’s experiment

A

To prove this, he took 2 flasks and sealed one, the one sealed did not have any microbes thereby proving his claim

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14
Q

Maggot and meat with gauze experiment

A

francesco redi

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15
Q

In his experiment, he found out that flies were the origin of the maggots and not another non-living entity

A

francesco redirected

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16
Q

Found Little boxes/cells via a Simple magnifying lens

A

robert hooke

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16
Q

Animalcules was used to describe the microorganisms he found in his microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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17
Q

First protazoologists

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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18
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

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19
Q

Disproved theory of spontaneous generation via the theory of biogenesis

A

Louis Pasteur

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20
Q

how was the spontnaeous generation theory disproved

A

His swan neck flask experiment settled the argument on spontaneous generation theory by proving that life can only come from living things

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21
Q

louis pasteur worked on

A

Worked on pasteurization (pag alis ng microbe same), fermentation

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22
Q

German theory of disease, “microorganisms are the cause of infectious diseases”

who

A

louis pasteurization

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23
Q

To get rid of microbes you need to filter or expose it to chemicals

who said

A

louis pasteur

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24
Q

Death after childbirth is caused by material on hand of a midwife or attending physician

A

oliver wendell

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25
Q

Ordered importance of handwashing

A

oliver wendell

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26
Q

Death rate increased due to medical students and decreased in summer due to not doing handwashing

A

ignaz ssemmelweis

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27
Q

One of the father of epidemiology

A

john snow

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28
Q

Found source of cholera in london

A

JOHN SNOW

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29
Q

Key role in setting standard for good proper hygiene

A

JOHN SNOW

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30
Q

leader in the adaption of anaesthesia

A

JOHN SNOW

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31
Q

Sickness or disease is caused by bad air daw

A

JOHN SNOW

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32
Q

Sterilization of growth media in science

A

Tyndallization

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33
Q

Process of sterilizing liquid by heating and could be killed successive 3 days heating (bacteria)

A

Tyndallization

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34
Q

Bacteria can exist in 2 form

A

HEAT STABLE AND HEAT SENSITIVE

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35
Q

BACTERIA THAT Needes prolonged/intermittent heat to be destroyed

A

HEAT STABLE

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36
Q

Zero microbes

A

STERILE

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37
Q

Confirmed germ theory via the kohc’s postulate

A

ROBERT KOCH

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38
Q

Developed pure culture techniques

A

ROBERT KOCH

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39
Q

Originated use of 2-part petri dish for growing bacteria and a technique for isolating bacterial colonies

A

ROBERT KOCH

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40
Q

Was able to see agent of tb via culture which is Myobacterium tuberculosis

A

ROBERT KOCH

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41
Q

Was able to see agent of tb via culture which is Myobacterium tuberculosis IS AKA

A

or Kohc’s bacillus

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42
Q

identified and isolated the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.

A

ROBERT KOCH

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43
Q

Said that pure culture technique
is the foundation of all research on infections

A

ROBERT KOCH

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44
Q

is the foundation of all research on infections

A

PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUE

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45
Q

Kohc’s postulate

A
  1. Pag may sakit may microbe,
    pag wala edi wala lol
  2. Mapapatubo sa culture plate
    yung microbe
  3. Cell from culture should cause
    diseases
  4. Grinow uli tas same microbe
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46
Q

Problems with kohc’s postulate

A
  • Some are aerobic and some are
    anaerobic
  • Some have no symptom but still has
    the microbe due to immunity
  • Subclinical diseases
  • carriers
  • Cant grow on lab media
  • Humans are the only host
  • Obligate intracellular parasite
  • Toxins or immunopathology
  • If the disease is caused by a virus
  • Pwedeng ibang klaseng sakit pag iba
    iba agent na nasa katawan
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47
Q

In the vagina there is which keeps the it acidic
● Lahat ng butas sa katawan may bactE

A

Lactobacilus
acidophilus

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48
Q
  • Father of modern surgery
A

JOSEPH LISTER

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49
Q
  • Applied germ theory in surgery
A

JOSEPH LISTER

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50
Q
  • Father of modern amnisepsis
A

JOSEPH LISTER

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51
Q

Avoid infection by preventing it from wound
this led to rise of sterile surgery

A

JOSEPH LISTER

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52
Q

Namamatay daw inooperahan dahil sa
contamination sa paligid from surgery

A

JOSPEH LISTER

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53
Q

Supported louis pasteur when he stated To
get rid of microbes you need to filter or
expose it to chemicals

A

JOSEPH LISTER

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54
Q
  • Made first vaccine
A

Edward Jenner

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55
Q

Made small puncture with cowpox material in
arm of human to prevent smallpox mga
milkmaids daw kasi di nagkakasmallpox so
nag experiment siya.

A

Edward Jenner

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56
Q

Cure for syphilis:

A

salvarsan (Arsenic
derivative) –

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57
Q

preparation 606

A

6 salvation for syphilis

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58
Q

Cure for syphilis: salvarsan (Arsenic
derivative) – siya nag develop neto and called
it preparation 606 salvation for syphilis

WHO

A

Paul Ehrlich

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59
Q

chemotherapy treatment via chemical
substance
WHO

A

PAUL EHRLICH

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60
Q

wanted to find a magic bullet, an agent that
would kill disease without harming the patient

A

PAUL EHRLICH

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61
Q
  • Gamitin daw ni kohc yung agar?
A

Walter Hesse

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62
Q
  • Developed Petri dish
A

Richard petri

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63
Q

Staining method that demonstrated bacteria
and distinguished between gram + and -

A

Christian gram

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64
Q

Observed staphylococcus colonies
disappearing near the penicillin which is
antibacterial kaya di makalapit

A

Alexander Flehming

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65
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus could pass filter to
remove bacteria

WHO0

A

DIMITRI IVANOVSKI

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66
Q
  • Culture media to study yeast and mold
    WHO
A

Raymond Sabouraud

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67
Q
  • Dye prontosil effective against bacteria
A

Gerhard Domagk

68
Q
  • Polio vaccine
A

Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin

69
Q
  • Streptomyocin and tetrocypin
A

Selman Walksman

70
Q
  • Electron microscope
A

Ruska

71
Q
  • Dna is genetic material
A

Avery and Macleod

72
Q
  • Dna, 1953
A

Crayson and crick

73
Q

Research RNA and protein synthesis in
bacteria

A

Jacob and monod, 1965

74
Q

e use of microbe
to remove toxins and benefit the environment

A

Bioremediation

75
Q

Bioremediation EXAMPLE

A

(e.g. pesticide via Bacillus thuringiencis )

76
Q

5 TYPES OF MICROBES

A

Has 5 types
1. Protozoa
2. Microscopic algae
3. Fungi
4. Virus
5. Bacteria

77
Q

2 types of bacteria

A
  1. Eubacteria - most are
    disease-causing
  2. archaebacteria
78
Q
  • The smallest known infectious agent
A

VIRUS

79
Q
  • Non-living unless it lives in a living cell
A

VIRUS

80
Q

VIRUS CONTAINS

A
  • Only nucleic acid and protein coat
81
Q

WHAT KINF OF ORGANISM IS A VIRUS

A

SUBCELLULAR ORGANISM

82
Q

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms larger
than bacteria

A

PROTAZOAN

83
Q
  • Lead cause of death in developing countries
A

PROTAZOAN

84
Q
  • Eukaryotic, single or multicellular
A

FUNGI

85
Q

DESCRIBE MOLD

A

MULTICELULLAR FUNGI THAT REPRODUCES VIA SPORE

86
Q

DESCRIBE YEAST

A

UNICELLULAR FUNGI THAT REPRODUCES VIA BUDDING

87
Q

2 KINDS OF MULTICELLULAR PARASITES

A

PARASITIC INSECT AND PARASITIC WORM

88
Q
  • Single-celled prokaryote
A

BACTERIA

89
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTYERIA

A

Classification
1. Shape
2. Retain dyes
3. Grow with or without air
4. Biochemical reaction

90
Q
  • By Carl von linne
A

TAXONOMY

91
Q

TAXONOMY IS BASED ON WHAT

A

PROCESS OF EVOLUTION

92
Q

TAXONOMY IN ORDER

A

Taxonomy
● Domain
● Kingdom - Prokaryotae
● Phylum - Gracilicutes
● Class - Scotobacteria
● Order - Eubacteria
● Family - Enterobacteriaceae
● Genus - Escherichia
● Species - coli

93
Q

3 TYPES OF DOMAIN

A
  1. Eubacteria = true bacteria,
    peptidoglycans in cells
  2. Archaea = ancient bacteria, odd
    bacteria, lives in extreme environment
    such as those with high salt or
    heat,etc. (extremophiles)
  3. Eukarya = have nucleus and
    organells
94
Q

true bacteria,

A

EUBACTERIA

95
Q

peptidoglycans in cells

A

EUBACTERIA

96
Q

ancient bacteria, odd
bacteria, lives in extreme environment
such as those with high salt or
heat,etc. (extremophiles)

A

ARCHAEA

97
Q

have nucleus and
organells

A

EUKARYA

98
Q

P VS E
Has genetic material that does not segregate
to cytoplasm but instead is in nucleoid

A

PROKARYOTE

99
Q

P OR E
- Eubacteria and archaea

A

PROKARYOTES

100
Q

IS PROKARYOTE UNI OR MULTICELLULAR

A

UNI

101
Q
  • Smaller (70s) ribosome
A

PROKARYOTES

102
Q

EUKARYOTES - Unicellular or multicellular

A

BOTH

103
Q
  • Larger (80s) ribosome, 70s in organelle
A

EUKARYOTES

104
Q

S i for

A

svedberg unit

105
Q
  • Arrangement of bacteria into groups
A

Classification

106
Q
  • Naming, means of communicating
A

Nomenclature

107
Q

Practical use of classification made to
distinguish certain organism

A

IDENTIFICATION

108
Q

Gives each microbe 2 names
- Genus - noun, capital
- Species - adj,lowercase

A

NAMING

109
Q

All cocci are gram + except

A

neisseria,
moraxella and bianharella

110
Q

ARE BACTERIA UNI OR MULTICELLULAR

A

UNI KASI NGA PROKARYOTES SIYA

111
Q

HOW ARE BACTERIA DIFFERENTIATED

A

Differentiated based on shape,
morphology,chemical composition

112
Q

DESCRIBE BACILLI

A

rod, 0.5 - 1um width upto 3um
length

113
Q

the ones causing leptospirosis

A

SPIRAL BACTERIA

114
Q

EXAMPLE OF SPIRAL BACTERIA

A

Leptospira, morella (causes lime) ,
treponema (syphilis)

115
Q

DESCRIBE COCCI

A
  • Cocci = sphere, 1um, diameter
116
Q

COCCI SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Diplococci - dalawang magkadikit
  3. Streptococci - parang necklace / chain
    (strepto)
  4. Tetrad - apat apat
  5. Sarcina - walo
  6. Staphylococci - grape-like
117
Q

BACILLI ARRANGEMENT

A

Bacilli
1. Coccobacillus = parang lgbt di bilog di haba.
Short and fat
2. Bacillus
3. Diplobacillus
4. Streptobacillus
5. Palisades

118
Q

SPIRAL ARRANGEMENT

A
  1. Vibrio = comma shape, causes cholera
  2. Spirillum = rigid, has flagella outside
  3. Spirochete = wiggly. Looks like its dancing,
    flagella surrounds its body
119
Q
  • Layer that surrounds bacteria.
A

CAPSULE

120
Q
  • Sugar coat. usually polysaccharide
A

CAPSULE

121
Q

Acidophil. Nabubuhay kahit na ph 1 like
gastritis

A

CAPSULE

122
Q

Only 2 kinds of bacteria can produce spore

A
  1. Bacillus - anaerobic
  2. Clostridium - aerobic
123
Q

BACTERIA IS surrounded by __________bc its firmly attached
to the cell, if its loosely attached its called the
________

A

surrounded by capsule/glycocalyx (sticky
protective coat of sugar) bc its firmly attached
to the cell, if its loosely attached its called the
slime layer

124
Q

BACTERIA IS surrounded by protective cell wall with

A

peptidoglycan (protein-carbohydrate

125
Q

Carry on
photosynthesis and respiration

A

ENFOLDING OF CELL MEMBRANE

126
Q

short hair-like projections IN BACTERIA

A

short hair-like projections called pilli

127
Q

PILLI DESCRIBE

A

2 TYPES:
1. common pili or fimbriae = for
attachment
2. sex pili = for conjugation

128
Q

ESSENTIALSTRUCTURE OF BACERIA

A

-OUTER MEMBRANE
-CELL WALL
-CELL MEMBRANE
-CYTOPLASM
- NUCLEAR MATERIAL

129
Q

Protects the cell against sme
antibiotics

A
  • Outer membrane
130
Q
  • gives shape to bacteria.
A
  • Cell wall
131
Q

Contains peptidoglcan responsible for
the staining property of bacteria

A

cell wall

132
Q

gram positive layer

A

Gram +: 2 outer layers , inner cell
membrane and outer cell wall

133
Q

gram negative layer

A

Gram -. 3 layers, inner cell
membrane, outer cell wall, outermost
outer membrane

134
Q
  • Allows hidden substances outside of
    the bacterial cell
  • Filter of bacteria
A

cell membrane

135
Q

circular chromosome almost
like a flower and dna called

A

PLASMID

136
Q

CONTAINS PLASMID

A

CELL MEMBRANE

137
Q

Neutrophil has trouble handling it if it
gets slimy so they phagocytize

A

CAPSULE/GLYCOCALYX

138
Q

Prortects cells / evades against
phagocytosis

A

CAPSULE

139
Q

PILLI IS MOSTLY MADE UP OF

A

The nature of their chemical is highly
protein (gawa sila sa protein)

140
Q

Propels the bacterial cell, they create
a run

A

FLAGELLA

141
Q

IN A FLAGELLA
Clockwise rotation creating a run,
counter clockwise a

A

stumble

142
Q

FLAGELLA IS MADE UP OF

A

Composed of filament, hook, basal
body or their rings inserted in their cell
membrane

143
Q

Filament is composed of

A

flagellin

144
Q

informs connection
between filament

A

Hook

145
Q

basal
body composed of

A

rings

146
Q

if the bacilli is only on end its
called

A

LOCOTRICHOUS

147
Q

Magkabilang dulo meron, its
called

A

amphitrichous

148
Q

Body is surrounded by
flagella,its called

A

peritrichous

149
Q
  • tawag pag wala flagella
A

trichous

150
Q

Spore is

A

used to recreate another
vegetative state

151
Q

Protects themself against harsh
environment or dryness

A

endospore

152
Q

Located terminall (like

A

clostridium

153
Q

center (like ) o

A

bacillus

154
Q

anti-bacterial resistance can be
installed in the genes here.

A

plasmid

155
Q

describe badcterial cell wall

A

The cell wall is an alternating molecules of
-acetylglucosamine (NAG) or the sugar
backbone and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
tas pinagdudugotong sila ng amino acids or
side chains

156
Q

difference of gram positive and negative cell wall

A

Major difference ng dalawa in their cell wall is that
- Mas makapal sa positive kesa negative
- 3 layer sa negative, 2 sa positive
- May periplasm sa gram negative
- Sa positive may teichoic acid
- Pwede ren magkaron ng lipopolysaccharide
sa positive

157
Q

responsible for shock infection,
coma in ground negative sepsis in patients
kasi nasa outer membrane siya ng ground
negative bacteria

A

lipid a

158
Q

lipid a is located in the

A

outer membrane

159
Q
  • bacteria with no cell wall.
A

mycoplasmis
kind microe daw idk

160
Q
  • Bacteria with capsule out of polysaccharide/
A

Encapslated bactera

161
Q

Capsule can be made out of polypeptide
though uncommon

A

Encapsulated bacteria

162
Q
  • Aka Axial filaments
A

endoflagella

163
Q

Nakapalibot sa katawan nila flagella sa loob
ng katawan kaya den flexible katawan nila -
they can do ________in the mud.

A

endoflagella

164
Q

endospore consists of

A

Consists of: exosporium,outer and inner
spore coat, outer membrane cortex germ cell
wall inner membrane and ca-dpa which is the
most important for resistance

165
Q

he most important molecule/substance for
each to withstand adverse condition in
bacteria is

A

dipoclinic respond agropore

166
Q

once it becomes a
spore, it becomes a new meditative cell again
in a process called

A

germination

167
Q

process
of formation is .

A

sporulation

168
Q
A

BACTE LEC (7 decks)

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