wk 11

Question 1

preformulation

Answer 1

producing phrases that have been used before

Question 2

under specification

Answer 2

using simplified expressions

Question 3

3 stages of speech production

Answer 3

-Conceptualisation= think of an idea to communicate
-Formulation= express ideas with lang tools
-Articulation= move muscles

Question 4

2 theories of speech production

Answer 4

-WEAVER++ model = serial process

-spreading activation

Question 5

WEAVER++ model

Answer 5

1) Think of idea to convey
2) Identify appropriate lexical item (lemma level)
3) Retrieve words morphemic code (e.g: adding s onto end to make plural)
4)Retrieve word’s phonological code (speech sounds)
5) Syllabify word & access articulatory gestures (how sounds within word are governed)
6) Move muscles + produce speech waves

Question 6

spreading activation model

Answer 6

¡ Nodes corresponding to words or concepts vary in activation
When a word is activated, activation spreads to other related nodes
¡ E.g., activation of node for tree can spread activation to node for plant
¡ Spreading activation can also occur for sounds

Interactive information flow
¡ From meaning to sound & sound to meaning
¡ Lemma is an intermediate stage between activating
an idea and the speech sound
¡ Lexicalisation is not a one stage process

Question 7

Lemma is

Answer 7

an intermediate stage between activating
an idea and the speech sound

Question 8

problems with WEAVER++ model

Answer 8

-Tip of tongue, can access info about word without knowing the word.
-picture-word interference task
semantic relatedness slows down word processing whereas phonological relatedness speeds it up

Question 9

lexical bias effect

Answer 9

speech errots tend to feature real words vs non-real

Question 10

Mixed-error effect -

Answer 10

incorrect word is semantically and phonemically related to
the correct word

Question 11

Audience design –

Answer 11

making communication effective
by accounting for our listener’s specific needs

Question 12

syntactic priming

Answer 12

using the structure that we’ve heard most recently instead of alternative

Question 13

WHY DO WE USE SYNTACTIC PRIMING?

Answer 13

Repeating previously used structures, reduces demands on speech production
¡ We can be sure that we are using language that our partner understands
¡ (e.g., child/bilingual speaker)
¡ Helps us ‘align’ with conversational partner
¡ interlocutors often like to be ‘on the same wavelength’ as each other

Question 14

phonemes

Answer 14

elementary (smallest) units of sound. E.g.,‘rice’ and ‘lice’ differ from each other by just one phoneme

Question 15

morphemes

Answer 15

elementary (smallest) units of meaning in language. E.g., dog-s

Question 16

Phonology

Answer 16

rules governing the sound of words and parts of words.

Question 17

Syntax

Answer 17

: rules governing word order and meaning resulting in sentences. E.g., ‘pass the salt’, not ‘the pass salt’

Question 18

Semantics:

Answer 18

the meanings of words/sentences. E.g., ‘bank’ which could refer to the entity where money is stored or the act of saving

Question 19

Pragmatics

Answer 19

the use of language as a function of content & social rules. E.g., ‘hello’, ‘hi’ or ‘hey’

Question 20

TRACE (MCCLELLAND & ELMAN, 1986) model

processing units at 3 levels = `

Answer 20

Auditory feature nodes connected to phoneme nodes which are connected to word nodes

Question 21

TRACE (MCCLELLAND & ELMAN, 1986) model

order of processing the word CAT

Answer 21

1. hear C
2. Activates phoneme C
3. activates words Cat, Can, Cop
4. Words then activate additional phonemes A, N, O etc
5. Hear A
6. Activates A phoneme
7. Activates words cat, can; decreases
   activation for cop
8. Continued activation for phoneme N,
   P, T; decreased activation for O
9. Hear /t/
10. Activates phoneme T
11. Activates word cat; decreases
    activation for can

Question 22

MOTOR THEORY (LIBERMAN ET AL., 1967)

Answer 22

¡ Listeners perceive spoken words by reproducing the movements of the speaker’s
vocal tract rather than by identifying the sound patterns that speech generates.

Motor system is involved in both speech perception and production
¡ Bridges the two language processes

Question 23

McGurk Effect

Answer 23

when the auditory component of one sound pairs with the visual
component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound.
¡ We integrate non-acoustic information into what we hear.
¡ Our auditory and visual information processing is merged.

Question 24

SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR MOTOR THEORY (LIBERMAN ET AL., 1967)

Answer 24

McGurk effect
¡ Categorical perception
¡ Motor cortex is functionally involved in speech perception

Question 25

CATEGORICAL SPEECH PERCEPTION (RAIZADA & POLDRACK, 2007)

supporting motor theory

Answer 25

Speakers did not perceive gradual change.
¡ They suddenly switched from perceiving one sound to
perceiving the other.
¡ Better discrimination of pairs of sounds when sounds
were across the crucial point.