Lec 2 Flashcards
what are Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development in children
– Sensorimotor
– Pre-Operational
– Concrete Operational
– Formal Operational
Sensorimotor
stage - deffered immitation
Children start to form enduring mental representations by stage
end - the first sign is deferred imitation (the repetition of other
people’s behaviour a substantial time after it occurred)
symbolic representation,
the use of one object
to stand for another, which makes a variety of new behaviours possiblev
egocentrism
, the tendency to perceive the world
solely from one’s own point of view
Stage 4: Formal operational stage
Cognitive development
culminates in the ability to think
abstractly and to reason
hypothetically
* Individuals can imagine
alternative worlds and reason
systematically about all possible
outcomes of a situation
Stage 3: concrete operational stage
(7 – 12 years)
Children begin to
reason logically about
the world
* They can solve
conservation problems,
but their successful
reasoning is largely
limited to concrete
situations
* Thinking systematically
remains difficult
who is Lev Vygotsky
Parent of sociocultural approach to child
development
His theory presents children as social
beings, intertwined with other people who
are eager to help them gain skills and
understanding
Piaget considered children to be
“……” trying to
understand the world on their
own
little scientists
What determines whether or not two tasks can be done
simultaneously?
Task difficulty, task similarity, and practice
- Psychological refractory period (PRP)
– Two stimuli
– Two responses
– Respond to each stimulus as rapidly as possible
– Second stimulus presented shortly after the first one
– A marked slowing to the second stimulus
as resources still being used on prev stim
who said: Everyone knows what attention is. It is taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one of what seem several simultaneuously possible objects or trains of thought.. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others
William James 1890
Treisman’s attenuation theory
Unattended input not completely rejected, but filter attenuates (reduces) analysis of unattended signal
Deutsch & Deutsch Late selection theory
Suggests filtering occours late and that all stimuli are analysed equally. Most relevant stimulus determines response
(Accounts for extensive processing of unattended
stimuli just as well as Triesman’s Attenuation
theory)
Perceptual load theory
Lavie (1995, 2000)
* Everyone has limited attentional capacity
* Total available capacity always allocated
* Spare capacity that’s not required for the primary task is
automatically allocated to irrelevant stimuli
Zoom lens or multiple spotlights/split? Study
Awh & Pashler (2000)
Participants asked to report 2
numbers in a 5 x 5 grid filled
with 23 letters
Cued (80%) valid to two
squares. Interested in what
happened on the invalidly cued
trials
Zoom lens predicts space
between cued locations should
be included in the focus of
attention – but this was not
the case
