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Anatomy 3 > Wk 1 - Nervous system/ cellular level of org > Flashcards

Wk 1 - Nervous system/ cellular level of org Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 functions of Neurons

A
  1. Motor/ Efferent - from CNS & PNS ⇒organs/tissues; aka “make things happen”
  2. Sensory/ Afferent - bring info from organ/tissue to PNS ⇒ CNS for interpretation
  3. Associative/interneurons - compile a balance sheet; aka “middle men” (Majority of neurons)
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2
Q

Schwann cells _________ & assist _________ of ________ by helping building blocks of cells

A

insulate & assist regeneration of axons by helping building blocks of cells

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3
Q

Schwann cells have many layers of __________ sheets

A

myelin

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4
Q

__________ ___ __________ are important for creating breaks between axons to produce jumping conduction between and outside of nodes

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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5
Q

No Nodes of Ranvier in an axon makes the axon ________________

A

non-myelinated

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6
Q

______________________ insulate & resist regeneration within CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

The CNS consist of the ________ & _______ ________

A

brain & spinal chord

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8
Q

The PNS consist of the ________ (31 pairs), _________ (12 pairs), ______, ______ plexus and _________ receptors. The peripheral nerves have autonomic and somatic nervous system.

A

spinal nerves (31 pairs), cranial nerves (12 pairs), ganglia, enteric plexus and sensory receptors

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9
Q

The _______ participates in electricity of the brain

A

Glia

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10
Q

Two major classes of cells are ___________ & _________/____________

A

Neurons & Glia/neuroglia

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11
Q

Neurons ________/_______ information by the conduction of electrical impulses / action potentials

A

carry/transmit

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12
Q

T/F Glia cells are unable to transmit potentials

A

True

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13
Q

_______ / ________ functions moreso as a “glue” and provide support & maitenance functions for neural tissue

A

Glia / neuroglia

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14
Q

The ______ of a neuron is where the conduction of electricity starts

A

neck/hillock

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15
Q

T/F the wire of a neuron can go in both directions

A

False, the wire should only go in one direction moving away from SOMA, otherwise you have will see problems like a stroke

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16
Q

The ___________ are the most efficient receiveing part of a neuron

A

Dendrites

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17
Q

The _______ is the major control space that produces the building block. IF the ________ is gone, then the Nucleus of the Neuron dies

A

Soma; Soma

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18
Q

The __________ are ribosome like pieces found inside of the plasma reticulum of the soma

A

Nissl

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19
Q

Synaptic bulbs can be found at the end of the ______ __________

A

axon terminal

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20
Q

Schwann and Satelitte cells are part of the _______

A

PNS

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, microglia & Ependymal cells are all part of the ______

A

CNS

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22
Q

_________ form a “blood brain barrier”

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

__________ serves as the satintation department of the CNS

A

Microglia

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24
Q

____________ cells provide support within ganglia

A

Satellite (clusters of functionally united neurons)

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25
Q

___________ cells secrete cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) within brain ventricles; provide brain-CSF barrier

A

Ependymal

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26
Q

__________ refers to a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS. They are closely associated with cranial & spinal nerves.

A

Ganglion

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27
Q

A _________ is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

A

nucleus

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28
Q

There are ____ pairs of Cranial nerves (Right & Left)

A

12

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29
Q

There are ____ pairs of Spinal nerves

A

31

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30
Q

_________ matter primarily consists of myelinated axons of many neurons

A

White

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31
Q

________ matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals & neuroglia

A

Gray

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32
Q

A _________ is a bundle of axons that is located in the PNS

A

Nerve

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33
Q

A _______ is a bundle of axons that is located in the CNS.

A

tract

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34
Q

White matter is composed primarily of ____________ axons. Whitish color of myelin gives white matter its name

A

myelinated

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35
Q

___________ potentials are used for short-distance communication only

A

Graded

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36
Q

____________ potentials allow communication over long distances within the body

A

Action

37
Q

The Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System and Enteric Nervous System are subdivisions of the ______

A

PNS

38
Q

The SNS is a ___________ system consisting of the body wall, inside lining, extemities and special senses

A

voluntary

39
Q

The ANS is an _____________ system consisting of secreting glands (sweat & erector pilli aka goosebumps), smooth muscle like uterus/veins arteries/pupils etc, cardiac muscle & Zang fu organs and glands.

A

involuntary

40
Q

The ENS is an ___________ system and is known as the “brain of the gut” and the internal system that keeps the ANS working. It is commanded/influenced by CNS and ANS.

A

involuntary

41
Q

The Enteric Plexus of Huerbach (myenteric) is part of the 6th layer of the ______

A

ENS

42
Q

The plasma membrane exhibits a ________ ________ potential. The membrane potential is an electric voltage difference across the membrane

A

resting membrane potential

43
Q

The flow of ions produces the electrical ________

A

current

44
Q

The _______ & _______ system, known as the “super system”, regulate everything in the body.

A

Endocrine and Nervous

45
Q

The Autonomic nervous system consist of the ___________ (“fight or flight” response) and ___________ (digestion) systems

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

46
Q

A __________ is any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential

A

stimulus

47
Q

__________ are responsible for sensing, thinking, remebering, controlling muscular activity and regulating gladular secretions

A

neurons

48
Q

________ support, nourish and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia

49
Q

3 main parts of a neuron are ______ body, ________ and ________

A

cell body, dendrites and axon

50
Q

____________ neurons consist of one axon and several dendrites (most neurons of brain & spinal chord)

A

multipolar

51
Q

_________ neurons consist of one axon and one main dendrite (eye retina, inner ear, olfactory area of brain)

A

Bipolar

52
Q

(pseudo)__________ neurons consist of an axon & dendrite fusing into a single process (touch, pressure,pain, heat or stretching)

A

(pseudo) unipolar

53
Q

T/F Neuroglia are smaller than neurons but 5-50x more and can multiply and divide.

A

True, also known as Gliomas (tumors)

54
Q

__________ cells repair the peripheral in the PNS

A

Satellite

55
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the in the CNS are known as a ________

A

Nucleus

56
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS are known as __________

A

ganglion

57
Q

A cell body is also know as a _______ or _________

A

soma or perikaryon

58
Q

Clusters of rough ER called _____ ________ produce proteins to grow and repair damaged nerves

A

Nissl bodies

59
Q

Long, thin, cylindrical projection that often joins the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the _______ _______

A

axon hillock

60
Q

part of the axon closest to the hillock is the ______ _______

A

initial segment

61
Q

The junction btwn the axon hillock and the initial segment is the _______ _________ (nerve impulses arise here)

A

trigger zone

62
Q

The cytoplasm of the axon is the __________ and is surrounded by a plasma membrane known as the ________ (lemma = sheath)

A

axoplasm; axolemma

63
Q

________ axonal transport travels in one directon, from cell body toward axon terminals (1-5 mm per day)

A

slow

64
Q

_________ axonal transport travels in _______ directions and uses proteins to move materials (200 - 400 mm per day)

A

Fast, two

65
Q

Graded potentials are _______ distance communication

A

short

66
Q

Action potentials are ______ distance communication

A

long

67
Q

Normal resting membrane potential is ________

A

-70 mV

68
Q

Ions (-) and Cations (+) are able to cross via ______ ______ _______

A

ion channel gates

69
Q

4 types of Ion channels are _______, ______-_______, ___________ and ________

A

leakage channels (radom open & close); Ligand-gated (chemically induced/graded); mechanically gated (touch or physical/graded) & voltage gated (threshold reached/action potential)

70
Q

The low threshold for voltage gated potentials is _____mV

A

50

71
Q

Diffusion can be influenced by _________ of concentration gradient, _________, _______ of diffusing substance, _______ area & diffusion _________

A

steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of substance, surface area & diffusion distance

72
Q

__________ ________ pumps create resting memebrane potnetials

A

sodium potassium

73
Q

Most graded potentials occur in the _______ or ______ _____

A

dendrites or cell body

74
Q

Hyperpolarizing graded potential is when the inside is more _______

A

negative

75
Q

Depolarizing graded potential is when the inside is less ___________

A

negative

76
Q

Graded potentials occur when ______-_______ or _________ gated channels open or close

A

ligand-gated or mechanically gated

77
Q

A depolarization process where the resting membrane becomes less -, reaches 0 & then becomes + has to do primarily with ________ ion channels

A

sodium

78
Q

A repolarization process restores the resting membrane potential to -70mV and has to do primarily with _______________ ion channel

A

Potassium ion channel (sodium largely opened so they get closed)

79
Q

______________ conduction is a step by step depolarization & reploarization of each segment of the plasma membrane

A

Continuous

80
Q

A _____________ conduction is a special mode of action potential propagation along myelinated axons. The action potnetial “leaps” from one Node of Ranvier to the next.

A

Saltatory

81
Q

Speed of propagation is affected by _________of myelination, _______ ________ and _________

A

amount of myelination (myelinated work faster than unmyelinated), axon diameter (larger diameter work faster than smaller) and temperature (lower speeds when cooled)

82
Q

Class _____ nerve fibers are the largest diameter, myelinated and convey tuch, pressure, position and thermal sensation

A

A

83
Q

Class ______ nerve fibers are smaller than A, myelinated and conduct impulses from viscera to the brain & spinal cord (part of the ANS)

A

B

84
Q

Class ______ nerve fibers are the smallest in diameter, unmyelinated, stimulate heart, smooth muscle and glands (part of ANS) and conduct some sensory impulses & pain impulses from viscera

A

C

85
Q

___________ synapse are faster and action potentials conduct directly btwn adjacent cells through gap jumps.

A

Electrical

86
Q

The plasma membranes of a presynaptic & postsynaptic neuron in a __________ synapse do not touch one another directly

A

chemical

87
Q

There are four types of Neural circuits 1. _________ circuit (single presynaptic neuron influences several postsynaptic neurons i.e. muscle fibers or gland cells) & 2. __________ circuit…

A

Diverging circuit; 2. Converging circuit (several presynaptic neurons influence a single postsynaptic neuron resulting in a stronger signal)

88
Q

The Neural circuit that we use in structural/short term memory is known as _____________ circuit(branches from later neurons stimulate earlier ones. (breathing, coordinated muscular activities, waking up)

A

Reverberating

89
Q

The nueral circuit used for quick stream impulses like mathematical equations is known as ___________________ circuit

A

Parallel after-discharge

Anatomy 3 (7 decks)

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