Wk 1 - Nervous system/ cellular level of org

Question 1

Name 3 functions of Neurons

Answer 1

1. Motor/ Efferent - from CNS & PNS ⇒organs/tissues; aka “make things happen”
2. Sensory/ Afferent - bring info from organ/tissue to PNS ⇒ CNS for interpretation
3. Associative/interneurons - compile a balance sheet; aka “middle men” (Majority of neurons)

Question 2

Schwann cells _________ & assist _________ of ________ by helping building blocks of cells

Answer 2

insulate & assist regeneration of axons by helping building blocks of cells

Question 3

Schwann cells have many layers of __________ sheets

Answer 3

myelin

Question 4

__________ ___ __________ are important for creating breaks between axons to produce jumping conduction between and outside of nodes

Answer 4

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 5

No Nodes of Ranvier in an axon makes the axon ________________

Answer 5

non-myelinated

Question 6

______________________ insulate & resist regeneration within CNS

Answer 6

Oligodendrocytes

Question 7

The CNS consist of the ________ & _______ ________

Answer 7

brain & spinal chord

Question 8

The PNS consist of the ________ (31 pairs), _________ (12 pairs), ______, ______ plexus and _________ receptors. The peripheral nerves have autonomic and somatic nervous system.

Answer 8

spinal nerves (31 pairs), cranial nerves (12 pairs), ganglia, enteric plexus and sensory receptors

Question 9

The _______ participates in electricity of the brain

Answer 9

Glia

Question 10

Two major classes of cells are ___________ & _________/____________

Answer 10

Neurons & Glia/neuroglia

Question 11

Neurons ________/_______ information by the conduction of electrical impulses / action potentials

Answer 11

carry/transmit

Question 12

T/F Glia cells are unable to transmit potentials

Answer 12

True

Question 13

_______ / ________ functions moreso as a “glue” and provide support & maitenance functions for neural tissue

Answer 13

Glia / neuroglia

Question 14

The ______ of a neuron is where the conduction of electricity starts

Answer 14

neck/hillock

Question 15

T/F the wire of a neuron can go in both directions

Answer 15

False, the wire should only go in one direction moving away from SOMA, otherwise you have will see problems like a stroke

Question 16

The ___________ are the most efficient receiveing part of a neuron

Answer 16

Dendrites

Question 17

The _______ is the major control space that produces the building block. IF the ________ is gone, then the Nucleus of the Neuron dies

Answer 17

Soma; Soma

Question 18

The __________ are ribosome like pieces found inside of the plasma reticulum of the soma

Answer 18

Nissl

Question 19

Synaptic bulbs can be found at the end of the ______ __________

Answer 19

axon terminal

Question 20

Schwann and Satelitte cells are part of the _______

Answer 20

PNS

Question 21

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, microglia & Ependymal cells are all part of the ______

Answer 21

CNS

Question 22

_________ form a “blood brain barrier”

Answer 22

Astrocytes

Question 23

__________ serves as the satintation department of the CNS

Answer 23

Microglia

Question 24

____________ cells provide support within ganglia

Answer 24

Satellite (clusters of functionally united neurons)

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells secrete cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) within brain ventricles; provide brain-CSF barrier

Answer 25

Ependymal

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS. They are closely associated with cranial & spinal nerves.

Answer 26

Ganglion

Question 27

A _________ is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

Answer 27

nucleus

Question 28

There are ____ pairs of Cranial nerves (Right & Left)

Answer 28

12

Question 29

There are ____ pairs of Spinal nerves

Answer 29

31

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ matter primarily consists of myelinated axons of many neurons

Answer 30

White

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals & neuroglia

Answer 31

Gray

Question 32

A _________ is a bundle of axons that is located in the PNS

Answer 32

Nerve

Question 33

A _______ is a bundle of axons that is located in the CNS.

Answer 33

tract

Question 34

White matter is composed primarily of ____________ axons. Whitish color of myelin gives white matter its name

Answer 34

myelinated

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ potentials are used for short-distance communication only

Answer 35

Graded

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ potentials allow communication over long distances within the body

Answer 36

Action

Question 37

The Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System and Enteric Nervous System are subdivisions of the \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

PNS

Question 38

The SNS is a ___________ system consisting of the body wall, inside lining, extemities and special senses

Answer 38

voluntary

Question 39

The ANS is an _____________ system consisting of secreting glands (sweat & erector pilli aka goosebumps), smooth muscle like uterus/veins arteries/pupils etc, cardiac muscle & Zang fu organs and glands.

Answer 39

involuntary

Question 40

The ENS is an ___________ system and is known as the "brain of the gut" and the internal system that keeps the ANS working. It is commanded/influenced by CNS and ANS.

Answer 40

involuntary

Question 41

The Enteric Plexus of Huerbach (myenteric) is part of the 6th layer of the \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

ENS

Question 42

The plasma membrane exhibits a ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ potential. The membrane potential is an electric voltage difference across the membrane

Answer 42

resting membrane potential

Question 43

The flow of ions produces the electrical \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

current

Question 44

The _______ & _______ system, known as the "super system", regulate everything in the body.

Answer 44

Endocrine and Nervous

Question 45

The Autonomic nervous system consist of the ___________ ("fight or flight" response) and ___________ (digestion) systems

Answer 45

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Question 46

A __________ is any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential

Answer 46

stimulus

Question 47

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are responsible for sensing, thinking, remebering, controlling muscular activity and regulating gladular secretions

Answer 47

neurons

Question 48

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ support, nourish and protect neurons

Answer 48

Neuroglia

Question 49

3 main parts of a neuron are ______ body, ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 49

cell body, dendrites and axon

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons consist of one axon and several dendrites (most neurons of brain & spinal chord)

Answer 50

multipolar

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons consist of one axon and one main dendrite (eye retina, inner ear, olfactory area of brain)

Answer 51

Bipolar

Question 52

(pseudo)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons consist of an axon & dendrite fusing into a single process (touch, pressure,pain, heat or stretching)

Answer 52

(pseudo) unipolar

Question 53

T/F Neuroglia are smaller than neurons but 5-50x more and can multiply and divide.

Answer 53

True, also known as Gliomas (tumors)

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells repair the peripheral in the PNS

Answer 54

Satellite

Question 55

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the in the CNS are known as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 55

Nucleus

Question 56

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 56

ganglion

Question 57

A cell body is also know as a _______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 57

soma or perikaryon

Question 58

Clusters of rough ER called _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ produce proteins to grow and repair damaged nerves

Answer 58

Nissl bodies

Question 59

Long, thin, cylindrical projection that often joins the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 59

axon hillock

Question 60

part of the axon closest to the hillock is the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 60

initial segment

Question 61

The junction btwn the axon hillock and the initial segment is the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (nerve impulses arise here)

Answer 61

trigger zone

Question 62

The cytoplasm of the axon is the __________ and is surrounded by a plasma membrane known as the ________ (lemma = sheath)

Answer 62

axoplasm; axolemma

Question 63

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ axonal transport travels in one directon, from cell body toward axon terminals (1-5 mm per day)

Answer 63

slow

Question 64

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ axonal transport travels in _______ directions and uses proteins to move materials (200 - 400 mm per day)

Answer 64

Fast, two

Question 65

Graded potentials are _______ distance communication

Answer 65

short

Question 66

Action potentials are ______ distance communication

Answer 66

long

Question 67

Normal resting membrane potential is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 67

-70 mV

Question 68

Ions (-) and Cations (+) are able to cross via ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 68

ion channel gates

Question 69

4 types of Ion channels are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ___________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 69

leakage channels (radom open & close); Ligand-gated (chemically induced/graded); mechanically gated (touch or physical/graded) & voltage gated (threshold reached/action potential)

Question 70

The low threshold for voltage gated potentials is \_\_\_\_\_mV

Answer 70

50

Question 71

Diffusion can be influenced by _________ of concentration gradient, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _______ of diffusing substance, _______ area & diffusion \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 71

steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of substance, surface area & diffusion distance

Question 72

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ pumps create resting memebrane potnetials

Answer 72

sodium potassium

Question 73

Most graded potentials occur in the _______ or ______ \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 73

dendrites or cell body

Question 74

Hyperpolarizing graded potential is when the inside is more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 74

negative

Question 75

Depolarizing graded potential is when the inside is less \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 75

negative

Question 76

Graded potentials occur when \_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or _________ gated channels open or close

Answer 76

ligand-gated or mechanically gated

Question 77

A depolarization process where the resting membrane becomes less -, reaches 0 & then becomes + has to do primarily with ________ ion channels

Answer 77

sodium

Question 78

A repolarization process restores the resting membrane potential to -70mV and has to do primarily with _______________ ion channel

Answer 78

Potassium ion channel (sodium largely opened so they get closed)

Question 79

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ conduction is a step by step depolarization & reploarization of each segment of the plasma membrane

Answer 79

Continuous

Question 80

A _____________ conduction is a special mode of action potential propagation along myelinated axons. The action potnetial "leaps" from one Node of Ranvier to the next.

Answer 80

Saltatory

Question 81

Speed of propagation is affected by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of myelination, _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 81

amount of myelination (myelinated work faster than unmyelinated), axon diameter (larger diameter work faster than smaller) and temperature (lower speeds when cooled)

Question 82

Class _____ nerve fibers are the largest diameter, myelinated and convey tuch, pressure, position and thermal sensation

Answer 82

A

Question 83

Class ______ nerve fibers are smaller than A, myelinated and conduct impulses from viscera to the brain & spinal cord (part of the ANS)

Answer 83

B

Question 84

Class ______ nerve fibers are the smallest in diameter, unmyelinated, stimulate heart, smooth muscle and glands (part of ANS) and conduct some sensory impulses & pain impulses from viscera

Answer 84

C

Question 85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ synapse are faster and action potentials conduct directly btwn adjacent cells through gap jumps.

Answer 85

Electrical

Question 86

The plasma membranes of a presynaptic & postsynaptic neuron in a __________ synapse do not touch one another directly

Answer 86

chemical

Question 87

There are four types of Neural circuits 1. _________ circuit (single presynaptic neuron influences several postsynaptic neurons i.e. muscle fibers or gland cells) & 2. __________ circuit...

Answer 87

Diverging circuit; 2. Converging circuit (several presynaptic neurons influence a single postsynaptic neuron resulting in a stronger signal)

Question 88

The Neural circuit that we use in structural/short term memory is known as _____________ circuit(branches from later neurons stimulate earlier ones. (breathing, coordinated muscular activities, waking up)

Answer 88

Reverberating

Question 89

The nueral circuit used for quick stream impulses like mathematical equations is known as ___________________ circuit

Answer 89

Parallel after-discharge